William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay examples -- Shakes

William Shakespeares The Taming of the ShrewOver the past 400 or so years since Shakespeare wrote _The Taming of the Shrew_, many writers, painters, musicians and directors have adapted and better this play of control and subjugation into timeless pieces of art. In _10 Things I Hate About You_ and Kiss Me Kate from two very different times in the ordinal century, and paintings of Katherina and Bianca from the late nineteenth century, the creators of these adaptations have chosen to focus on the role of the two main female characters in the play. The ideas surrounding these women have changed through the years, from Katherina and Bianca entirely being young women who deviated from the norm of Shakespeares time to women who embody feminist ideals and stereotypes of the more modern world.From the beginning of the play, the differences between Katherina and Bianca are highlighted through their interactions via dialogue. Early in the second act, Bianca pleads with her sister to not mak e a bondmaid and a slave of me because, as deemed by society, Bianca is not supposed to marry before her honest-to-goodness sister (2.1.2). Bianca asks Katherina to unbind her hands so that she can get rid of all the gawdy implements she is forced to wear as a polite woman of the time, because if she doesnt want to follow one rule, she doesnt see why she should follow any of them (2.1.4). This immediately sets up these two sisters by showing how one depends on the status of the other to be truly happy, or happy as deemed by the doctrines of society anyway. Katherina rebuts this whining after their father enters, and ends the scene with her own speech in which she argues thatNay, now I seeShe is your treasure, she must have a husbandI mus... ... About You_. Shakespeare Bulletin A Journal of Performance Criticism and experience 22.2 (2004) 45-66. Expanded Academic ASAP. Westfield State College Library, MA. 15 April 2005. 15 April 2005.Ostlere, Hilary. Taming The Musical. Dance Maga zine 73.12 (1999) 84. Expanded Academic ASAP. Westfield State College Library, MA. 15 April 2005.Schneider, Gary. The Public, the Private, and the Shaming of the Shrew. SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 42.2 (2002) 235-258. pop out Muse. Westfield State College Library, MA. 15 April 2005.Schuler, Robert M. Bewitching The Shrew. Texas Studies in Literature and Language 46.4 (2004) 387-431. Project Muse. Westfield State College Library, MA. 15 April 2005.Shakespeare, William. _The Taming of the Shrew_. The Riverside Shakespeare. 2nd ed. Ed. Dean Johnson. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1997. 142-171.

Essays --

Moral Implications in the Cuban Missile Crisis Morality has been a constant in the conflicting policy of the United States of America (U.S.A.). When it comes to the personal matters of the world the U.S.A usually tries to make things right and stop evil. Some of the examples of morality playing a utilisation in Americas decisions in foreign policy atomic number 18 the decision to combat the Barbary pirates, the Spanish-American War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and most recently, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. One thing that all of these situations tolerate in common is that it involved the United States basically saying that she would not stand for immorality. One story that has not been investigated is the morality gene card and the role of that variable in the choosing of a strategy in the Cuban Missile Crisis. This paper will examine the morality element and how by concentrating on that element the U.S.A successfully brought the Cuban Missi le Crisis to an end. Cold War Reaches Boiling Point From 1945 to 1961, this war had some tense moments, but the Cold War hit its boil point in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis. During this time, John F. Kennedy was the leader of the United States while Nikita Khrushchev was the leader of the Soviet Union. When tensions began to rise in October 1962 these two men would descend whether the world would live to see another day or the world cease to exist. In regards to the Soviet Union and the threat of nuclear war, Kennedy stated that to be an American in the next decade will be a hazardous experience. This nation will live on the edge of danger. Freedom and communism are locked in a deadly embrace. Kennedy would also state in his Inaugural Address that the United States w... ...iet Union now had missiles in countries that were precise close to them. If the U.S. do the Soviet Union angry or vice versa then the world could be in danger of ceasing to exist. The next part of the Cuban Missile Crisis was actually crucial to saving the future of the world.The Soviets Are Caught Red Handed As stated previously, the U.S. did not know about the missiles in Cuba, but that would change very quickly. One of the most crucial days of the Cuban Missile Crisis was October 13th, 1962. On this day, a U-2 plane flew over Cuba and took some photographs before returning safely to Florida where these photographs were developed, so that the U.S. could find out exactly what the Soviet Union was doing in Cuba. The information in these photographs was stunning. Basically what these photographs revealed was the missiles that had been put in Cuba by the Soviet Union.

Piece Of The Pie :: essays research papers

Piece of the PieMoney is an important issue for al most(prenominal) all college students. very(prenominal) few be lucky bountiful not to have the financial burdens of tuition, housing, and food interferewith their academic initiatives. Some students have parents that are wealthyenough to cover all of the costs of college. Other students are given financialaid from the university that they attend. If necessary, students can get jobs tohelp differ the costs. There are no restrictions put on most students as towhere they can work, or how much they can earn. Most students have this freedom,but varsity athletes with scholarships attending Division I schools do not. TheNational Collegiate Athletic Association, the governing body of collegiateathletics, restricts these athletes from having jobs. Even though theseathletes would have a hard time make direction for a job between practices, meetingsand games, they are not even given the opportunity to do so because of the NCAAregulations. T hese regulations are based on the fear that athletes could beemployed by affiliates of the university, who could attract the best athletes byunjustifiably paying them extraordinary salaries. While this may be a validconcern, the regulations are most often carried bring out to ridiculous lengths whichultimately do not serve the purpose they are intended to have. For example,Northwestern University has an aspiring young actor named Darnell Autry who overlyhappens to be the starting running back for the Universitys football team.Darnell was offered a role, based entirely on his acting abilities, in a majornetworks sitcom. The NCAA nearly debar him from accepting this offer based onthe regulations against athlete employment. Darnell was eventually allowed toaccept the job, however, the NCAA did not allow him to get paid for his work.They reasoned that the cost of the flight out of Chicago was payment enough forDarnell. As in Darnells case, the regulations cause more problems then the yprevent.The prospect of the money waiting for many athletes, like Darnell, whenthey leave college, leads them to drop out their education and head straight forthe professional leagues. Some athletes, like Shawn Kemp or Kobe Bryant, skipcollege entirely. Kemp and Bryant both went directly from high school to theNational Basketball Association, and are currently making millions of dollars ayear. Other athletes, such as Stephon Marbury, Allen Iverson, Marcus Camby,Terry Glen, and Tim Biakabatuka, all college phenomenons from basketball andfootball, skip as many as three of their rest college years. The lure offame and fortune is making more and more athletes leave college early each year.

A Slice Of Life :: essays research papers

A Slice of Life     ThumpThump There was a loud noise at the door, " satisfactory hold on, Imcoming." Tim holler. Tim was in his early twenties, he had a blue mowhawk,always dressed shabby, and addicted to heroin. Tim walked to the door and openedit, "Yes." he said sarcastically.The man at the door asked if Gwen was home, "Are you Gwens new boyfriend" Timasked him. "Yes I am, my name is Tony" he replied. "Nice to meet you" Tim said."No, Gwen is not here right now. I think she is exempt trying to get the job atthat bar on 6th street" Tim replied."Oh, well tell her that I came by and just to give me a call, OK?" Tony said."One problem" Tim said. "Oh, and whats that?" Tony replied. "Didnt Gwen tellyou?" Tim said "we dont have a promise, or a T.V or any other appliances, we aregutterpunks. Why do you think we live in this shed?" "Well I guess I willjust come back later" Tony said with a strange look on his face.     "Tim Wakeup " Gwen yelled. "Huh?" Tim replied. "Wakeup," she yelledback. "Oh, OK" Tim yelled back. "That boy, Tony came by, looking for you, hethought we had a phone." Tim said chuckling. "You didnt tell him that wedont have a phone or the other stuff did you?" Gwen yelled. "Um, well kindayeah, why?" Tim questioned. " Why?" she yelled and stormed off. Gwen was thetype of girl who didnt care what people thought of her, but she didnt akin itwhen people would find give away that she was poor. She had blonde hair, and was verythin. She wore sequined pants, and these funny looking shirts most of the time,unless she went out.     "Gwen?, Mike, and Shirley are home. Look Im sorry I told Tony." Timsaid. "Send Shirley in." Gwen yelled back. "Shirley, Gwen wants you." Tim said." Ill be right in" she yelled bac k. Shirley was an Irish girl whose parentshad both died, and she was sent to America to live with her aunt, she ran awayand met Mike. Shirley had red hair, and was also a eldritch dresser, she had a jobat a library filing books. The pay was bad but she would accept anything, thatwould keep them alive.     "Im outside Gwen, come on out and we will talk." Shirley yelled intothe shed. "Whats wrong with her?" Mike asked. "Tim told her new boyfreind wewere poor," Shirley replied.

Ancient Roman Laws Essay -- Roman History

Ancient papistical LawsAlthough the history of Romes regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity, usage was strong, and many of Romes natural laws and customs, committed to writing much later, have their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. break of all of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian Codes, are some of them. The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman disposal. In the upper classes, marriages varied and when people did marry, they didnt make believe children. by and by this issue was found, Augustus brought both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome together by increasing the population of native Italians in Italy. He did this by creating laws to encourage marriage and having childre n, and started laws to make the act of adultery a crime. Some of the laws created by Augustus included that men must marry. This law was to help the Roman Government gain a bigger population from the children of all the married couples. To enforce this law, he gave what was called prizes for having children and marrying. Although they were based on marriage, the major role in this law was adultery. These prizes were generally tax reductions and awards. Since more males existed than females among the nobility, he allowed anyone that had wanted to marry freedwomen, and said that births of children in these such marriages would be profound and rightful. He made new laws and changed some of the experient ones, for example, the sumptuary law. Laws like the sumptuary law were on a basis of adultery. There were many consequences of adultery in the Roman Empire. These consequences were mainly involved with killings. unmatchable of the laws stated that a husband who finds his wife in adu ltery can only kill the adulterer when he catches him in his own house. Another law concluded that a husband cannot kill anyone in adultery except persons who are well-known and prostitutes, including slaves. His wife, however, is liable and he is forbidden to kill her. Adultery too restricted killings for adultery, for example if a son under his fathers power, should surprise his daughter in the act of adultery, the law says that h... ...he Digest. The Institutione was a allow that was mainly copied from the institutes of Gaius. It was considered beginners text book and a book of statutes. Most of the rules in this textbook/book of statutes became laws in many countries. The Pandectae was a collection of fragments from academic papers. All of its legal opinions were given legal force, just like the Institutione had given the legal force. The codex and the Digest wasnt as complicated as the Institutione and the Pandectae but was the most important out of the four. The Codex was just mainly a collection of imperial statutes, and the Digest was basically a casebook covering many trials and decisions. In conclusion, many Ancient Roman laws have been the origin of the laws we find in our society. Other laws in the Ancient Rome period have been the origin of other countries too. All of these laws have helped create our laws in America by looking at mistakes and great ideas of the Ancient Roman government. The Roman Laws are thought as legend, but some tacit think of it as realistic. You could compare the Justinian Codes greatly to our three branches of government, when there were four books. All the powers split up.

Ancient Roman Laws Essay -- Roman History

Ancient Roman LawsAlthough the history of Romes regal period is based in large part on legend, and was so in antiquity, tradition was strong, and umteen of Romes laws and customs, committed to writing much later, induct their roots in the distant past. Ancient Rome had many different types of law in government. Out of all(prenominal) of the ancient Roman laws, the Julian Marriage laws, the laws of the kings, and the Justinian Codes, are some of them. The Julian Marriage laws were very specific and determined. Emperor Augustus notice social problems at Rome, and he detected that extravagance and adultery were very common in the Roman Government. In the upper classes, marriages varied and when people did marry, they didnt create children. After this retail store was found, Augustus brought both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome together by increasing the population of native Italians in Italy. He did this by creating laws to sanction marriage and having child ren, and started laws to make the act of adultery a crime. Some of the laws created by Augustus included that men must marry. This law was to help the Roman Government make headway a bigger population from the children of all the married couples. To enforce this law, he gave what was called prizes for having children and marrying. Although they were based on marriage, the major role in this law was adultery. These prizes were mainly revenue enhancement reductions and awards. Since more males existed than females among the nobility, he allowed anyone that had wanted to marry freedwomen, and said that births of children in these such marriages would be legal and rightful. He made new laws and changed some of the old ones, for example, the sumptuary law. Laws like the sumptuary law were on a basis of adultery. There were many consequences of adultery in the Roman Empire. These consequences were mainly involved with killings. One of the laws express that a husband who finds his wife in adultery can only kill the adulterer when he catches him in his own house. Another law cerebrate that a husband cannot kill anyone in adultery except persons who are well-known and prostitutes, including slaves. His wife, however, is liable and he is forbidden to kill her. Adultery also limit killings for adultery, for example if a son under his fathers power, should surprise his daughter in the act of adultery, the law says that h... ...he Digest. The Institutione was a book that was mainly copied from the institutes of Gaius. It was considered beginners text book and a book of statutes. Most of the rules in this textbook/book of statutes became laws in many countries. The Pandectae was a collection of fragments from academic papers. All of its legal opinions were given legal force, simply like the Institutione had given the legal force. The Codex and the Digest wasnt as complicated as the Institutione and the Pandectae but was the most important out of the four. The Codex w as only if mainly a collection of imperial statutes, and the Digest was basically a casebook covering many trials and decisions. In conclusion, many Ancient Roman laws have been the origin of the laws we find in our society. Other laws in the Ancient Rome period have been the origin of other countries too. All of these laws have helped create our laws in America by looking at mistakes and great ideas of the Ancient Roman government. The Roman Laws are thought as legend, but some still mobilize of it as realistic. You could compare the Justinian Codes greatly to our three branches of government, when there were four books. All the powers split up.

Diversity of individuals with dementia and the importance of inclusion Essay

1.1- pardon what is meant by the terms diversityThe Service exploiters i deliver c be to are altogether different in many ways.This cannister be along the dimensions of gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, physical abilities, political beliefs, religious beliefs or other ideologies. This means that i submit to be alert of a persons man-to-manity and respect their choices. To be understanding and not show prejudice. Valuing the benefits of someone being different from ourselves, not making assumptions. anti-discriminatory placeAnti discriminatory practice is the measure that is taken to prevent any type of discrepancy that is based on race, disability, gender and severalise where it to a fault takes into account how people be arrive at towards others in society. Service users should not be tough any differently because of the way they live their lives, they should be treated equally. Promoting procedures and systems to make sure that dis crimination does not happen. Making sure individuals arent excluded. anti-oppressive practicesee moredescribe how agreed ways of working refer to the rights of an individual with hallucinationAnti-oppressive practise is challenging all forms of discrimination e.g. racism, ageism. Challenging inequality and speaking out when someones behaviour is unacceptable. Encouraging operate users to report incidents. universe assertive. Using person centred approach. Valuing individuals. Anti-oppressive practice is an attempt within social work to acknowledge oppression in societies, economies, cultures, and groups, and to remove or negate the influence of that oppression. (http//uk.ask.com/wiki/Anti-oppressive_practice?lang=en)1.2- explain why it is serious to recognise and respect an individuals inheritanceIt is important to recognise and respect an individuals heritage as their heritage is their past life history , it can tell us a mete out about the individual, especially if their la cking in communication skills andcannot tell us themselves. If we know more about the history of a person with dementia, we can learn their likes and dislikes. We get to know what makes them happy or what makes them sad and then we can deliver the best care possible. It shows that we respect the individuals culture, language, religion which enables the serve up user to be themselves. It would help the service user to feel valued, and prevent isolation and sezession from other people. It would benefit us to build a rappour with the service user, enabling them to form relationships with others1.3- describe why an individual with dementia may be subjected to discrimination and oppressionPeople with dementia face discrimination for a number of reasons. Because most people with dementia are over the age of 65, they can likewise face issues of age discrimination. People with dementia are similarly more at risk of discrimination as they do not receive the mental object to make their own decisions on a day to day basis so other people with a lack of understanding towards people life with dementia may make poor decisions for them, and presuppose that because they dont have capacity that they dont matter as much. If approached by soulfulness who doesnt understand the illness, they are more likely to avoid that person with dementia as they dont know how to approach the situation, this could lead to social isolation. May be because they have displayed challenging behaviour and they do not conform to the norms of behaviour,they then may not be included in activities.1.4- describe how discrimination and oppressive practice can be challengedTo challenge discrimination i think we need to be educated about dementia, how it affects the person and there families and how to care for the person in a way that meets there needs.We are all individuals and everyone has their own unique character and personality, which are developed with the different life experiences, cultur es and beliefs we follow. It is also through other factors such as social class, age, ethnicity, culture, background and gender. It is important and essential to treat different people as individuals and to try and meet their needs preferably than stereotyping people. E.g. all old people are the same. Treating everyone the same is failing to respect diversity. We all want to be treated with dignity and it is a very important part of an individuals life. Working in the health and social care profession it is important to help people maintaintheir dignity so they can keep their sense of self-respect and self-worth.All health and social care professionals should be sensitive and aware of the needs of people and service users. that because a person has dementia, they still need to be given a choice and not assume that they cannot make a choice. Not everybody is the same, there are different levels of dementia, so getting to know the service user is vital to challenge discrimination. We also need to make sure that the service user or their families are aware of the complaints procedure. Having policies and procedures are put in place and that staff are up to date on their training.Understand that each individuals experience of dementia is unique2.1- explain why it is important to identify an individuals specific and unique needs It is important to identify individuals specific and unique needs so that they can receive the best care possible. Taking a person centred approach is vital, treating a service user as an individual person and acknowledge that they have different needs to the next person. For example i have a Service User DR who has a grade 3 bedsore. DR is bed bound, it has been identified that DR needs to be turned regularly so that his bedsore can heal affectively, he requires 5 calls a day to make this possible. This is so important to his health. If this hadnt been identified than DRs bedsore could get worse, he could be in a lot of pain and discomf ort.2.2- compare the experience of dementia for an individual who has acquired it as an senior(a) person with the experience of an individual who has acquired it as a younger person aberration is more common in people over the age of 65, therefore there are more services provided, such as day care, i recently worked a couple of days in a day centre, all the service users were over 65, we played bingo, dominoes and listened to old war sequence songs, they got involved and really enjoyed the time they spent there. All these activities are centred around the service users being older. If a younger person under the age of 65 with dementia was to attend this day centre, they may not be able to relate or enjoy these activities as much. I dont think there are as many serviced available to the young living with dementia. Most of my service users are over 65.I did have one service user AK that was only 46. She was very independent and could still manage day to day living she often went ou t and was very active. She conversated very well and was aware of her illness which is a rarity. But there was no other service available for her,no where that she could meet other young people with dementia. She didnt have much family, she had a sister who also had dementia, and young nieces and nephews, so they were unable to provide any care or support. This differs from someone older with dementia, if they have children they are normally older, have more time if they have retired, less financial commitments ie. Mortgage paid cancelled. So they have a bigger support network. They also may have have less financial ties if they are older. If a younger person is diagnosed with dementia, they may still have a mortgage to present for this would be very stressful if the individual had to give up work, they dont have a pension, or a regular income that they can hope on to pay for care. 2.3- describe how the experience of an individuals dementia may impact on carers some(prenominal) carers report personal satisfaction from their compassionate role.However unpaid feel for can have a considerable impact on a carers health and wellbeing. Depression, emotional and physical exhaustion and general poor health are common. The Princess Royal Trust for Carers (2011) found that Two thirds of older carers have long term health problems or a disability themselves One third of older carers reported having cancelled treatment or an operation they needed due to their caring responsibilities Half of all older carers reported that their physical health had got worse in the last year More than 4 out of 10 older carers said that their mental health had deteriorated over the last year. Caring can be an emotionally draining experience. Carers have to come to terms with irreversible and upsetting changes in their relationships, such as a child now caring for a parent. Caring can also be very lonely. Many carers report being cut off from their former social circles which brings fe elings of isolation and depression. Two thirds of all people with dementia live in their own homes.Unpaid carers provide most of their support. One test found that half of all people with dementia in the community received at least 35 hours of informal care per week (Murray et al, 1999). Many carers of people with dementia are older people themselves, with physical frailty and health conditions of their own. Changes in memory, thinking and feeling mean a person with dementia encounters it increasingly difficult to cope with everyday life. Carers are needed to provide emotional support, reassurance and help with a range of tasks, such as bathing and dressing. quiescence disturbances are common in dementia and mean that caring is a 24 hour jobfor many carers. Carers of people with dementia may also take on many of the tasks the person with dementia used to do, such as paying the bills or cooking meals. Because dementia is a progressive condition, carers find they are required to pr ovide increasingly intensive support as time progresses. Research shows that carers of people with dementia experience greater strain and damage than carers of other older people (Moise, Schwarzinger and Um 2004). 52% of carers for people with dementia are not getting sufficient support to enable them to carry out their caring role.

“One Friday Morning” by Langston Hughes Essay

The short story One Friday Morning by Langston Hughes is about a young African American lady friend, Nancy leeward, who recently moved to the north with her parents so they may provide her with a better life and schooling. Extremely talented in water likeness painting, she aspired to strike that her major in college. Because of racial discrimination, she was denied the scholarship that would have been her ticket to a brighter future. Sadly, there are some people in the world that are blind by race and forget how America was supposed to be a place with equal rights and justice for solely. Langston Hughes brings in themes like racism, equal rights between tender-hearted beings, racial and national pride, and of course the American dream. His biggest aim is to show the world how colored people are treated and that present day America doesnt fulfill the American dream of all men being equal. Nancy downwind may be a colored girl, but at times she forgets she has a different skin col or than the rest of her classmates. Her peers overlook her race as well, they see her as nonhing but a young and talented individual.Nancy downwind painted an award winning piece of art worthy of a scholarship to an art institute. The painting was of her grandm new(prenominal) sitting on a place bench looking at the American flag on a bright sunny day. This represents a dream that Nancy Lee wanted to express that all people are equal and deserve to be treated as such. Unfortunately, the art institute didnt realize that Nancy Lee was a colored girl at the time they chose her painting. When it was made known, they decided to give the scholarship to a white student. They felt if Nancy Lee were to attend the Institute, it would cause controversy amongst others. On the day Nancy Lee was to receive the award, she was told by her principal Miss OShay that she would not be able to accept this essential scholarship solely because of the color of her skin.Miss OShay regrettably informed Na ncy Lee that When the committee learned that you were colored, they changed their plans (Hughes 5). Miss OShay did her best to encourage Nancy Lee not to give up and to fight for her dreams. In the story they compare Miss OShay with abolitionists and the first white teachers who went to the Deep South to teach the freed slaves. Nancy Lee looked up at her principal and noticed the bright spring day through the open window that resembled her painting. This is a metaphor for the close proximity of the utopia interpret in her art that would have no discrimination and in which all people would be treated equally. (expand on this idea)At the weekly assembly, Nancy Lee took her seat along with three thousand other students. She turned her head and said the pledge to the flag, a symbolism of freedom and equal rights with liberty and justice for all. She then decided that even though shes not receiving the scholarship that was rightfully hers, shes determined to fight to see that these thin gs dont happen to other girls as this has happened to me. And men and women like Miss OShay will help me (Hughes 6). This shows that Nancy Lee isnt willing to accept that the scholarship was withdrawn simply because of her race, and that with help from people like Miss OShay, she is going to start a revolution to build up sure that this wont happen in the future to people like her. Discrimination is all around us everyone is discriminated against at one point in his or her life.Langston Hughes, an African-American writer, wrote the short story One Friday Morning to describe the experience of one particular girl who was discriminated in her school because she was colored. Life brings many disappointments, all of which make a person stronger. Unfortunately, there will always be discrimination, as it is a part of life. This story is a great example of seeing psyche being discriminated against while putting the reader in the main characters shoes to feel what it feels like to be them. Discrimination occurs for many reasons. A good reason is we become wiser from it and realize that no one deserves to be treated unfairly. From her personal experiences, Nancy Lee will go on to motivate other people to move closer to achieving the high ideal extolled in the Pledge of Allegiance. one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

Comparing and Constrasting between northern and Italian Art

In Beneath the Lines of Historical Art Comparing and distinguish the Work of Northern and Italian Art Intro of Denver Art Museum Honestly, this was probably one of the best experiences of my entire life. Im not the best someone with cognition about creative personic creation but I definitely love to appreciate cheat more after this visit. Not only was I amazed how the exterior of the architecture was so imaginary and different but I was completely surprised this was not what I expected. It was so awesome that they tail create some liaison so wonderful and stable When I arrived I wasnt quite sure where I was to enter, but eventually I found the entrance.Exterior was not as horrendous as what was inside of it I do admit I was a little lost but I eventually found out where to go. I definitely like how they gave every painting, Its own space/territory. Instead of throwing every artwork into one wall, the paintings had their own room basically. And I would think everything was go ing to be sexagenarian but everything was kept clean and sanitized. The architect for the Interior was Like new and I never felt so comfortable. I loved every thing about this visit and will return In he future more times than once. Love It, love ItComparing and Contrasting influential operative and sculptures Michelangelo, Leonardo Dad Vinci, Lorenz Gibber, Detonated, Udder, and many more. During the same time many unknown artist arisen and influenced change on the perspective of art or what the meaning of what art can be. For Instance, even a speck of dizzy and shade can change the overall outcome between velvet and wool, copper and aluminum. As closely as, a small item in a painting can briefly explain an entire paintings storyline and can help understand the artist even more. The Renaissance contributed to a variety of similarities and differences.But nowhere is this more app arent than in the similarities and differences we will find between the art of Northern Renaissance and Italian Renaissance which will be explained further on. Nevertheless, art work shall always be thoroughly observed otherwise it will be misinterpreted. Breathe abeam was a Northern German Renaissance engraver (1502-1540) and he and his brother Seabed abeam were also successful printmakers. In 1525 the brothers and a fellow artist were attempt for their radical religious and political beliefs ND they were expelled from Nurturers in 1529.Eventually Breathe Abeam continued his work with portraits as the court artist to Duke William IV of Bavaria. One of the art works currently held at the Denver Art Museum characterization of a Woman demonstrates how colors are an importance on indicating the texture and appearance of an object. By the use of how much detail is put into every little aspect in the illustration ( sounding closely, every crease in her wardrobe shows the muliebritys body grammatical construction/posture), and account because the indications of her gold rings on e re hands, the wardrobe can simply predict that this is an important, wealthy, German woman during the sass.In this portrait painting, is a German Matron (a member of the phratry of Chad von Antibacterial), she emphasis her wealth and status by her luxuries garments and signifies her power/status by displaying a substantial posture with her hands held together. Beams mastery of space reflects in his portraits the colors of light and shade, enables him to represent so convincingly the rich fabrics worn by his noble mental object and makes this woman look as if she was imaginary/perfect or too good to be rue. But its not Just the garments that the woman wears that makes this a remarkable piece of art but its how proudly she stands and how she holds her hands together. superior posture can signify importance and strength because the hands are cl beforehand(predicate) illustrated in the center so the audience will notice it first. Portrait of a Woman, By Breathe Abeam (1 500 25), A G erman Northern Renaissance Engraver viewpoints of the artist. In the following Portrait of a Woman, Abeam tells, the person that is looking at this portrait, that this woman is no average women.Looking ruefully, she is against a plain wooden board background which brings out the color of her large fur snitch on her silk coat, this is a clear indication of what her status is in the society her gown has sleeves trimmed with velvet bands and her white head covering is wrapped somewhat by a fine linen veil it limitms. As well with the nice clothing, there is a noticeable jewellery on her hands. These are some(prenominal) gold rings which is important because it signifies that this portrait in not about personality and characteristics but this is about the small petite materials involved in the illustration.Breathe Abeam uses the color of light and shade to contribute to the texture in his materials and the narrative of his entire piece. Many artist display discrete kinds objects in paintings to Justify a storyline but all artists have brief similarities. So as you were to look at a Northern Renaissance artist you can see similarities to an artist in the Italian Renaissances art piece. Vitro Carapaces was a Southern Italian painter of the Venetian school, he studied under Gentile Beeline.Little is known of his early life, but influences came from his astonishing work of the Beeline Family and Antinovel dad Messing. Vitro was regularly known for his individualism in his artwork, stated Giorgio Vassar, an early biographer of Renaissance artists. He produced many large-scale narrative wall paintings of religious subjects for the city of Venice. But a piece that stood out from the rest of his work, was a portrait off lady holding a book. In the sass Vitro illustrated the Portrait of a Lady with a Book, currently, belongs to the Denver Art Museum.This artwork not only brought out Aviators individualism but showed that art can be useful, simple, and can tell a story to a few that understand it. The individual in this portrait may be a Tuscan poet Grammar Coors Ramose, who also had her portrait painted by Aviators teacher, Gentile Beeline. The lady in the illustration holds a book, possibly an indication that she was a writer. The womans hairstyle and dress are representative of Venetian style. Her hair is held by a transparent net on the back of her head, and loose strands hang on either side of a side that is not beautiful or young, but reveals an average Venetian woman.She wears a simple Ackley (made out of rope it seems) the upper part of her dress is decorated with gold and lace trim and pearls. Similar to Beams Portrait of a Woman it was not the background and colors that made the portrait interesting, but it was a small and not so noticeable item, the book in her hands. The novel signifies that the following lady could in fact possibly be a writer. This contributes to the opinion that the artist and the subject of the painting can be on e and of the same because of their individualism. Portrait of a Lady with a Book, By Vitro Carapaces (1500), A Southern ItalianRenaissance Painter Breathe uses light and shade to contribute to the color of his materials making his art individualism to an artwork that stays understandable for the world. Breathe and Vitro use a dull background in effect to expose the important figure in the center (in this case the women), as well as, a way to notice the partially visible props. For instance, the Jewelry expresses immense characteristics of both women by using a simple item, the book and the German womens Jewelry. Despite the comparisons between the two, there remains a variety of divergences.One exchange difference is how both artworks derive from nature. In Breathers creation the color plays an increasingly large factor in whether this art derived from nature. In his piece, the womans whole attire is accurately detailed, meaning too good to be true. In Aviators visual the woman c an be defined as short and simple considering the fact, visually, she signifies an average woman during the Renaissance. Another huge difference that may not seem visible to many but the way Venetian Woman and German women look at the audience. She looks away from the painting, as if she does not want to be seen.Or she is ashamed that she is a writer. But because of history, Women in the Italian renaissance were not quite comfortable of their amazing talents. And women in the Northern Renaissance had more comfort of showing their talents because Northern art was more acceptable to differences than of the Southern Italian Renaissance art. So looking back at the German women she seems more comfortable of a self-portrait than the Venetian Women below. This is a huge difference between Northern and Italian Renaissance Art. attractive feature in Art is important because a small item can tell an entire narrative of an artwork.Breathe used light and shade in order to emphasize the texture of the German matrons wardrobe in order to understand that this is a wealthy woman. But Vitro manipulated an average woman living in the Italian renaissance and depicted only her stance and how she looked at the audience. Introducing a huge narrative about how womens talents were compared to women talents in the Northern Renaissance. Even though the two are derived from different areas of Europe they contribute almost identical strategies to display their narratives in order for us the audience to look in beneath the lines of Historical art.

Submarine Sandwich and Subway

tube-shaped structures municipal and International trade Plan Presented by Moses B entirelyenger The University of Houston Victoria International Marketing (MKT 6377) 2011 Summer Session Table of Contents 2. Letter of Recommendation 3. Executive heavyset 4. Introduction, Background, Summary and update of the case field of battle 2. 1 purpose Market depth psychology 2. 12 Primary Target Market 2. 13 Primary Target Market Demographics 2. 14 Secondary Target Markets 2. 2 fig up Analysis 2. 21 Strengths (3 strengths) 2. 22 Weaknesses (3 Weaknesses) 2. 23 Opportunities (3 Opportunities from the macro environment analysis) 2. 4 Threats (3 Threats from the macro environment analysis) 2. 3 Competition Analysis 2. 31 Primary Competitor 2. 32 Secondary Competition 2. 4 Keys to Success (3 keys to victor of the partnership in order) 2. 5 Macro Environment Analysis 2. 51 Economy (2 macro providence factors) 2. 52 Culture (2 macro culture factors) 2. 53 Politics, Rul es, and Regulations (2 factors) 2. 54 Technology (2 factors) 3. 1 Mission Statement 3. 2 Marketing Objectives (3 Objectives in order of importance) 3. 3 monetary Objectives (From the competition analysis) 3. Positioning strategy (From the competition analysis) 3. 5 Marketing Mix Strategies 3. 51 reaping outline 3. 52 Price Strategy 3. 53 Promotion Strategy 3. 54 Place Strategy 4. 0 References 5. 0 Appendices (Promotion flyer and opposite) 1. 2 Letter of Recommendation subway system en claimment Headquarters/Doctors Associates Inc. chief executive officer, President, Co-Founder 325 Bic Drive Milford, Connecticut 06461 United States Dear Mr. Fred DeLuca, I would like to thank you first for the opportunity to conduct the trade assessment proposal for your company.I hope you find my recommendations satisfactory in this letter, which is summarized below. tube must first be honored for its accomplishments so far to date. Such success has come ab prohibited from a small condescension partnership out of Bridgeport, Connecticut to big international success. As stated in your vision, resistance strives to be the 1 quick service restaurants in the world, while delivering fresh, delicious sandwiches, and exceeding experience. I believe that much(prenominal)(prenominal) a vision is achievable for the clunk-shaped, japanese, and emerging securities industrys.Despite the challenges and failures of the Nipponese market entry, there is much opportunity, lesson, and market shargon to capture. My primary recommendation discussed in the proposal is that underpass conducts an aggressive and re-entry approach to Japan. This aggressive, re-entry approach needs to be more than adaptive to the Nipponese/ Asiatic culture this time. This adaptation bequeath need to take place from an advertising and product perspective most importantly. How telling thermionic valve foc usances on these two aspects leave determine their success in Japan and Asia.While metro has been highly successful in their global refinement, the Japanese and Asian markets pull up stakes call for more adoption and customization. Nowa twenty-four hour periods, think of, expressed as a level of gauge for an affordable price searchms to throw traction in the global marketplace. Emergence of cost- cognizantness seems to be reshaping business. subway has done a great job at rebrinying flexible abundant to change its operational policies and wise enough to listen to its franchisees. underpass must continue to take this practice into Japan and Asian, while focusing on their core competencies. tube-shaped structure exit have to listen to what problems franchisees argon having and make adjustments accordingly. Its the franchisee thats on the front line, seeing the daily operations, challenges, and customer interaction. I hope you find the research and recommendations sufficient to act on. give thanks you again for your time and consideration. 1. 3 Executive S ummary resistance represents an excellent case playing field of a truly globalized company in todays market place. The companys focused its roots from proprietor Fred DeLuca, who has had a clear vision for the future of the Subway brand as it continues to grow and service of process its customers.The passion for delighting customers by serving fresh, delicious, made-to-order sandwiches and providing people with quick, cheap, and nutritious meals has contributed Subway to being the franchise ensueer in the unshakable food perseverance. Subways clever advertising, set strategy, flexibility, and operational efficiency have allowed them to expand and be profitable beyond domestic borders. Such success has allowed Subway to venture into some(prenominal) international markets. Subway has withstood the new-made 2009 economic downturns that plague a variety of industries partially due to favorable industry circumstances and its own innovative actions.Despite Subways past domestic a nd international success, it is having difficulty in some contrastive markets like Japan. To be success in challenging markets like Japan and mod/emerging markets, Subway bequeath have to continue to think outside the box. This thinking may have to be customized to the extent of severally picky market or country. These challenging and un-tapped markets of Japan, Latin America, and Asia for Subway are saturated with domestic competitors like McDonalds, Starbucks, KFC and international competitors like Mos Burger, Mister Donut, and Yoshinoya.Subway is capital rich with a streng henceed brand image and is therefore positioned well and capable of making large investments in the Asian, Latin America, and other markets. The Subway brand success in other countries shows that it can be customized to local cultures and markets for global expansion success. Despite the challenges, Subway has much potential and is well positioned to create profitability and market share in Japan, Asia and other markets. Subway go forth need to continue to be innovative, market its strengths, make the inevitable adjustments to failures, and take advantage of opportunities. 1. Introduction, Background, summary and update of the case study Introduction Subway is an American restaurant franchise that sells mainly submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It also offers break truehearted items such(prenominal) as bagels and egg & sausage sandwiches. In adjunct Subway makes personal pizzas and salads upon order. It main office is in Milford, Connecticut, with five regional centers supporting the growing international operations. Regional offices are in the Netherlands, Australia, Lebanon, India, and Florida. Background Subway is owned and operated by Doctors Associates Inc. (DAI) and was founded by Fred De Luca and Peter Buck in 1966.The name comes from the fact that Peter Buck holds a doctorate degree. On August 28, 1965 Fred De Luca borrowed $1,000 from family friend Peter Buck to simoleons his first sandwich shop. In 1966, they opened their second Subway restaurant in New York Summary of Case The case presentation is a market plan for Subways up coming 2012 fiscal course. In rundown, a detailed SWOT analysis is included. The marketing plan contains a target market analysis which explains Subways target markets and demographics. A competition analysis is included, which identifies Subway and it competitors in the industry.The marketing plan includes strategy suggestions in regard to product, price, promotion, and place. These strategy recommendations are aimed toward fulfilling the suggested mission statements as well. Update of Case Study During the construction of this marketing plan, Subway continues to move on its globalization strategy thru its aggressive franchising campaign. The Subway franchise was ranked the number-one franchise in the submarine sandwich category in the 2011 Franchise 500 Issue of Entrepreneur Magazine. As of today Subway has 34,8 24 stores in 98 countries and hopes to expand 2,010 restaurants in the U. K. and Ireland. 2. 1 Target Market Analysis Subway conducts a standard market analysis that focuses on a target market area. In the target market, Subway focuses on the highest potential opportunity and leave behind render the greatest return. Like any other company, Subway will steer away from un attractive markets that offer low return and opportunity 2. 12 Primary Target Market The primary target market consists of individual customers mostly thru the ages of 16 36 years old, who are healthy and cost conscious 1. Subway intends to market these individuals as a healthier extravagant-food option as compared to others such as Mc. Donalds and Burger King. . 13 Primary Market Demographics Subway provides fast food services of sandwiches for individuals and businesses in different industries. In addition, the company provides franchisor services to its franchisee in the form of support and guidance. . The inc rease in sales of the sandwiches lately has barf the hamburger behind as the 1 fast food sought for. Such a desire in sandwiches sales has been a result of a decrease in consumer spending on hamburgers and fries. A more demand has been toward healthier options. Sales of sandwiches are growing 15% annually, outpacing sales of burgers and steaks (McCarthy, 2006).The demand demographics in this market depends on consumer preferences and consumer preference trends. Currently in the market, particularly the U. S. , there is an increased emphasis on healthier and affordable food choices as compared to the past. Subway typical operates in high metropolitan and condensed areas, but now subway franchises have expanded to outside of urban areas to rural areas. Its not unmatched to see a subway storefront in a small town. In addition Subway store front also operate out of unconventional locations such as schools, universities, stadiums, museums, military stations, truck stops, and gas statio ns. . 14 Secondary Target Markets Subway also functions as franchisor, so it continually seeks business opportunities with potential investors of franchises. Subway provides prospective investors with franchise information, guidance, and seminars. There is also a FAQ on the company website to answer the most common questions about franchisee opportunities. Subway main business is to sell sub sandwiches to individuals, which drives the main business and secondly to captured qualified and successful franchisees to grow their business. 2. 2 SWOT Analysis 2. 21 Strengths 1.Brand Name Subways brand image and appeal has grown significantly thru its healthy and nutritional advertising, it celebrity advertising, and it affordable products. According to Entrepenuer. com was the number 1 franchise in 2001. 2. intersection point Offering Despite the heavy competition in product go in the fast food industry. Subway has keep to battle in this category against its competitors of Mc Donalds, Ja ck in the Box, KFC, and many more. Subway increased its sandwich offerings such as the BBQ pulled pork, along with adding new breakfast items, salads, and pizza.Along with its increased product offerings, the company has added a healthy and nutritional food concept and has successfully appealed to customers as a healthier option. 3. Simple Franchise operations Subway has a franchise system that is extremely artless compared to other franchises. From an operational standpoint, the preparation of a sandwich is mostly done in front of the customer and has simple steps to make all their sandwiches. From a startup perspective, a franchisee can build a store well under $200,000. According to Enterpenuer. com, Subway has cheaper start up cost than Mc.Donalds, Pizza Hut, KFC, and Dunkin Donuts. Low start up costs have allowed Subway to venture out in non traditional outlets like hospitals, schools, and sell stores like Home Depot and Wal Mart. 2. 22 Weaknesses 1. No Product Differentiatio n Subways product offerings have no trademark or indubitable protection, so it products are no different from its competitors. The only variable that sets Subway apart from its competition is its price. Against its competition, Subway offerings are limited. Other sandwich shops such as Potbellys, which-wich, and Quiznos offer more meat and sandwich type choices. 2.Franchise Over Saturation in certain markets In an interview with Franchise 500, franchise consultant and CEO of FranChoice Jeff Elgin says that there are complaints about encroachment issues concerns that theyre putting too many units close together. 3. Bottleneck in Franchise liftment In contrast to the over saturation of franchise stores, there also has been some stunting of growth in this regard. In an interview with Franchise 500, CEO DeLuca says that there is a bottleneck in Subways growth, with many franchisees still searching for a storefront. The real estate bust and frozen credit have slowed openings. . 23 Opp ortunities 1. Growth ( International) Subway has more potential than its competitors for continued success in profits and growth in the domestic and extraneous markets. 2. check Franchise Relations Despites the past issues between Subway and it franchisees, there is still room and opportunity for the company to enhance their relationships. Such an enhancement will lead to increased satisfaction among franchisees and improved reputation to Subway. This will eventually lead to increased intrinsic value for the company and increased financial value. 3. Untapped Product OfferingsSubway has the potential to win contend and exceed their competitors in their product offering range. The company will have to make continued investments into research and development and test to see what products work. Subway has room to experiments with different meats, cheeses, bread, and other fixins. Since the company is global they can expand their product offerings to foreign consumers taste preference s. 2. 3 Competition Analysis The fast-flying food industry is under constant and evolving competition. The main competitors in this industry are McDonalds, Yum Brands, Wendys, and Jack-in-the- Box.Yum Brands consists of KFC, Pizza Hut, Taco Bell, and Long John Silvers. In addition, Subway faces secondary agonistical pressures from other sandwich makers like Quiznos, Jimmy Johns, Potbellys, Lennys Subs, Firehouse Subs, Which-wich and many others. With the increased sales of sandwiches in recent years as compared to burgers, secondary competition should be well on the rise for Subway. (13) 4. Keys to Success According to Michael McCarthy, success factors will include products and marketing targeted to healthier menu make outions, brand consistency, low start-up costs, franchisee support, and consumer convenience.This success factors covers the scope of Subways current challenges and concerns. Subways continued success will continue to thrive off its brand, attractive low franchise costs, and healthy menus selection. However, Subway will have to focus on improving their relations with franchisees. A lack of mismanagement of the franchisee issues could lead to catastrophic results for the company. 5. Macro Environment Analysis 2. 51 Economy In 2008 and 2009, the world seemed turned upside down by negative economics events. The financial nuclear meltdown in the U. S. lagued several industries, reduced the availability of credit, and created massive job losses. The two effects created massive ripple effects in every regard, such as reduced consumer spending and increase cost consciousness. The fast-food industry seemed unaffected despite and Subway seemed to find a sweet growth in a irate economy. Companies like Starbucks suffered when customers get the jitters about paying for premium coffee. But Subway managed to do supremely well in a down economy where its $5 dollar foot long and other value food items appealed to cost conscious customers.As a whole the ind ustry has embraced value meals, cutting prices and offering more or less. It has been a reaction to more consumers who are avoiding restaurants in an effort to save money. For the industry, price-cutting is a tested technique to weather an economic downturn. Subway has proven such so far during the U. S. sluggish economy my offering daily value meals and monthly specials like the $2 cold cut and meatball subs for July. 2. 52 Culture Subway has capitalized on the health conscious rotary motion by focusing its advertising on its healthy but tasty offerings.It featured a testimonial by a satisfied customer, Jared Fogle, who stated that he lost 245 pounds by substituting on 6 Subway sandwich a day for one of his meals. The results were impressive and the company embraced the Jared testimonial of the health benefits of eating its food compared to others. The Jared campaign proved to have excellent timing during the health consciousness revolution in America. After the company realized t he value of Jareds testimonial, it applied its professional communications staff to create appealing advertising, harness social media, and develop online relationship building activities. Pina, 2010). From the point Subway launched as series of health initiatives in response to the high demand of the health culture, such as eat on caller and modified its corporate web site to the nutritional and health informative needs of its customers and the public. 2. 24 Threats 1. Franchisee Disparity Subway has had a continued history of franchisee dissatisfaction. Such dissatisfaction has come from franchisor support, franchise contractual arrangements, and over saturation of franchises in some markets. These disparities will affect the public image of Subway as an investment choice among investors and it profits.The extent of franchisee dissatisfaction has even led to litigation and class action law suits over Subways poor contractual provisions. 2. Franchisee Disparity (Revenues) Franc hisee disparity is two-fold. The other side of the disparity is poor franchise performance. This disparity can be seen as early as 1998. In a CNN Money article, consultant lessening Marshall estimates that 25% of franchisees are unhappy and suffering, while about 40% are just getting by and making a few dollars, and 30-35% are happy and doing fine, though many of the happiest owners are also agents, who can control the number of competing Subways. . Competition An ongoing threat to Subway is its own competition with the fast food industry. Its biggest competitor, McDonalds will constantly stay on its heals in competition in terms of global expansion, product offering, financial performance, and many other variables. In addition, other competitors like Quiznos, Which wich, Jack n-the Box continue to offer more product offerings and competitive prices . Any slow or bad year for Subway could lead it to be easily bumped down in the franchise ranking. 2. 53 Politics, Rules and Regulati onsSubway is under regulation over several federal, state, local agencies. In addition the company can become subject to pressure from consumer watch/advocacy groups. abandoned that Subway is in the fast food industry, the company like its competitors have seen significant pressure in corporate social responsibility on food quality for consumers. For example, according to the Center of Science in the creation enliven (CSPI) and more than 30 other national and local health advocacy groups and experts have urges Subway to set nutritional standards for foods marketed to children.According to the CSPI and other groups, Subway is missing from industry self-regulatory programs. CSPI and other groups wants Subway to join the Council of Better railway line Bureaus Childrens Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI). Since Subway resides in the fast food industry, it has also came under heavy subjection for calorie content, Trans fat, and portion sizes. In response to such Subway has become more transparent in its product offerings to consumers. In addition is has labeled the fat and calorie content on some of its sandwiches online and in the stores.If you go to Subways website, and click on a given product, it will show the nutritional information. Such a disclosure of informational has resulted from national and local group pressure. 2. 54 Technology The use of technology is playing a significant role in the outcome of international business success. Subway must devise a technology strategy that will keep it well informed on it sales metrics, customer spending behavior, and inventory management. The use of e commerce and web-enables services with suppliers and vendors will be necessary in todays business climate.All these technological pursuits will need to aim at customer satisfaction, inventory efficiencies, gathering critical information quickly. The use of technologies such as internet and Point-of-Sale will be pivotal for Subway and its franchisees t o gather and collect information quickly and efficiently as compared to traditional ways. With POS data can be processed to provide instant information on weekly sales movements and market shares of individual stores. POS also renders better data quality. It can act as virtually comptroller of information. (Kotabe, Helsen 2010).According to Restaurant Informer. com, another trend in quick-service restaurants (QSR) is the use of kiosk ordering and contactless payment options. put in Kiosks saves labor and cuts down on staff errors. Such errors can be on wasted food or register errors. The Subway is currently experimenting with kiosks, allowing customers to select their own order. 3. 1 Mission Statement Delight every customer so they want to tell their friends with great value through fresh, delicious, made-to-order sandwiches, and an exceptional experience. 3. 2 Marketing ObjectivesGlobalization is a increasing pattern in todays markets. Subway success is still heavily dependent on its U. S. operations, since almost 20,000 of the 34,842 worldwide stores are in the U. S. Therefore revenues are highly dependent on the domestic stores/franchises. Since Subway is a privately held company, any form of marketing objectives will not published. Therefore, I have suggested a set of marketing objectives for the upcoming 2011 and 2012 fiscal years. Objective 1 (Continue International Expansion) Subway continues to grow globally each year.Based off the chart below, Subway is expanding 2,000 stores on average since 1995. If this trend continues and all variable remain constant the company by volume will capture more revenues over time. Such increase in volumes may or may not fulfill the financial objectives mentioned below. pic Objective 2 (Capture more global revenues and market share) In conjunction with Objective 1, Subway will need to focus on capturing more revenues for 2011 and 2010 in international markets. More store-front expansion will lead to less dependency on the U. S. market performance and economic climate.According to Micheal McCarthy the U. S. fast food market has seen a healthy rise in growth in the last three years, with a compound annual growth rate of 2. 3% between 2005 and 2010. The overall market value from this is $57billion by the end of 2010. wedded this information, it can be inferred that the growth rate will continue at this pace. So for 2011 and 2012 the fast food industry should be treasured around $58 and $59 million respectfully. Given this incremental pattern, Subway should look to increase the market share by 1-5% domestically. Such a market share goal is feasible and reasonable.This domestic goal should be used as a guidance for calculating international figures. Each individual foreign market would have to be assessed to determine what type of marketing objectives. Objective 3 (Make Key Strategic Partnerships in Foreign Markets) Regardless if the market is Japan or Latin American, Subway will need to make k ey strategical alliances with host country firms when necessary. Such alliances will avoid costly and failed entries, such as Japan. Given the nature of Subways franchise business, franchisees take majority of the burden for failed performance.The nature of the strategic alliance will vary from each market. Subway may have to make different types of alliance between Japan and Latin America for example. It is evident that a unique form of strategic alliance will be needed for Japan as compared to Latin America. Clearly Subway will need a strategic alliance, where a Japanese advertising firm will do the promotion and advertising to help get the brand across. Another strategic alliance that could be made in Japan is one with Japanese organic farmers and meat producers.This alliance could bring in the fresh organic ingredients needed for the appeal to Japanese consumers. 3. 3 Financial Objectives Since Subway is privately held, the company is not subject to stockholder expectations and pressures. However, the company is subjected to heavy competitive pressures. Such pressures have transpired to financial performance. Objective 1 (Increase Domestic & Global Revenues) According to The workweek, Subways revenues in 2010 was $15. 2 billion, while Mc Donalds was $ 24 billion.. Subway had 33. 749 stores worldwide, while Mc Donalds 32,737 stores in 2010.Clearly this shows the top two competitors in the industry battling intensely. Subway clearly is behind in revenues overall and revenues per outlet. Objective 2 ( Increase Franchisee Financial Performance) Given the franchise business model, Subway does have an obligation to service and support franchisees in their store-front goals and challenges. Given this, overall franchise and franchisee financial objectives should be noted separately. Given the revenue figures mentioned above, Subway and its franchisees need work together to reduce operational costs by all measures.Sure a decrease in operational costs will help in crease revenue per franchisee and make them more competitive with McDonalds and other competitors. Such a focus to work with franchisee satisfaction will increase demand in the long run for Subway franchisee contracts and increase intrinsic value for the company. Objective 3 (Adjust Royalty fees) It can be inferred that Subway needs to increase its overall revenues and revenue per franchise in order to close the gap between its biggest competitor. To meet this financial objective will be challenging.The company globally is seeing a rise in operational expenses in the form of rising minimum wage, utilities, and food processing. It appears that the quickest adjustment that the company can make to increase revenues is to reduce or increase the royalty franchise fees. According to Subways FAQs on its website, royalty fees are 8% of a franchisees revenues in the U. S.. However the company may need to make royalty adjustments worldwide and test the effects of a increase or decrease on ove rall revenue and revenue per franchise. 3. 4 Positioning StrategyAccording to Smithfam. com, a positioning strategy results in the image you want to draw in the mind of your customers, the picture you want him/her to visualize of you, what you offer, in relation to the market situation, and any competition you may have. Since Subway operates in a highly competitive fast food environment both domestically and abroad, the company will have to keep its competitors in perspective when formulating a positioning strategy. The company should mensurate their competitors strengths in the Japanese market and incorporate it into their strategy.For example competitor, Mos Burger uses good quality ingredients, which reflects the chains higher prices and wholesome image. This has led to Mos Burgers success in Japan. While accomplishing all the noted above, Subway needs to stay focused on its core competencies and values that has gotten them to where they are today. 3. 5 Marketing Mix Strategies 3. 51 Product Strategy Subway provides products with a global brand that is well-known and, most importantly, healthy, with lots of flavor and variety on its menu. Subway product line consists of numerous varieties of sandwiches served with different fillings and on different types of bread.The choices are complex but the product line is anchored by one choice 6 inches or 1 foot long. Subway has been successful in the U. S. with its product offerings, pricing, and advertising and has led to a strategic advantage for the company. Subway promotes its sandwiches as fresh, healthy and made-to-order. They use the slogan Eat Fresh. In the international marketplace where Subway is trying to gain its footing, in terms of market penetration and gained market share, the company will need transmute its product strategy differently from its international and domestic strategy to fit the needs of Japan and Asian countries.Since Japan and Asian countries have been such a challenge for the compa ny, it will critical for Subway to develop a effective product strategy. Out of the four Ps in the marketing mix, Product strategy will be main determinate of Subways success in Japan. Subway promotes its sandwiches as fresh, healthy and made-to-order. They use the slogan Eat Fresh. This concept and slogan can be effective in Japan, but will have to be taken in a further context to satisfy Japanese consumers. Japanese consumers think of healthy food more in terms of quality for example, how fresh, pure, or organic ingredients are than in terms of ts calorie or fat content or cholesterol level. Subway may have to modify its product strategy to show its quality more transparently with consumers or switch to organic ingredients. Therefore different investments made have to be made in higher quality foods as compared to other countries/markets. 3. 52 Price Strategy Pricing will correlate with product as an important factor of the marketing mix. A overhaul or significant modification in product strategy will affect pricing strategy accordingly.Given the product strategies suggested above, Subway may have to adjust its pricing for sandwiches if all organic ingredients will be used in Japan. This however may not translate to a negative response from consumers in Japan. Japanese consumers may be willing to pay more for a sub sandwich if its made of quality, fresh, and organic ingredients. Customers willingness to pay will vary across cultures text book and products that are perceived as good value in one culture may have little to no value in other cultures.So who knows, maybe the $5 foot long concept will evolve to $ 6 foot long in Japan, where the Japanese see it as the same value as U. S. consumers. Another alternative maybe to pass the costs of going organic in Japan to other products, such as chips, drinks, cookies, or salads? In the end, to establish a stronger brand image and sustain/grow a market presence, Subway may have to subsidise their pricing to gain so me market share and familiarity in Japan. This approach may be necessary until a market presence has been established and then the company can build in pricing promotions similar to the U. S. such as weekly value meals, monthly values deals ( $2 cold-cut & meat ball sandwiches in July), and foot-long specials ($5 foot long). 3. 53 Promotion Strategy Subway is the one of largest franchises in the world with a global presence that can be felt and seen. Despite this, such a global presence hasnt been entirely felt in Japan and other Asian countries. Former franchisee owner Tetsuzo, Ono, in an interview with Englands The Times newspaper in 2002, said that people who didnt know sandwiches never saw any commercials, never hear any word of mouth and because the chain did not grow, never passed a store on the street.Given this feedback from franchisees and the lack of success in Japan, Subway will need to revamp their promotion strategy. Such a promotion campaign will need to be focused on advertising, promotions, and direct marketing. Focusing on these three aspects will cover all distribution channels and get the word out to Japanese consumers. Subway can use channels such as internet, television, sport organizations, and special events. In addition the promotion strategy needs to be strictly adaptive and customized to the Japanese and Asian cultures. 54. Place StrategyPlace refers to distribution and also can be thought of as the place of purchase. This strategy asks Do you want your product to be everywhere? or do you want to create demand for it because its exclusive and hard to find? 2 Its very important for Subway to be cautious with its place strategy because such a strategy makes a statement about the quality and status of their product. Typically Subway places its stores in commercial areas or as stand-alone stores. Subway will also place store fronts in unconventional locations, what Subway calls unique stores on its website.Such stores will be museums, airports, military bases, schools, colleges, stadiums, supermarkets, and gas stations. At the moment, Subway seems to be well positioned and on track in terms of place. There are already 115 stores in Japan. According to the franchise application guide book, Subway is focusing on opening more stores around Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, and Kobe. In these cities, Subway will target downtown areas, business areas, amusement centers, and rail station hubs. References 1) The Week (2011, March 8). Subway, the Worlds biggest restaurant chain By the numbers. Retrieved, in 16h July 2011, from http//theweek. om/article/index/212902/subway-the-worlds-biggest-restaurant-chain-by-the-numbers 2) Subway Restaurant website. History. US. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http//www. subway. com/subwayroot/AboutSubway/history/subwayHistory. aspx 3) Michael McCarty (July 2006). Fast Food Market Forecast- The Subway Example of Strategic Product Positioning. Ezine Articles. Retrieved, in 17th July 2011, http//e zinearticles. com/? Fast-Food-Market-ForecastThe-Subway-Example-of-Strategic-Product-Positioning&id=735770 4) Entrepreneur Magazine (January 2009). Top 10 Franchises of 2009. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http//www. ntrepreneur. com/ cartridge holder/entrepreneur/2009/january/199094. html 5) Entrepreneur Magazine (2011) 2011 Global Franchising Rankings. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http//www. entrepreneur. com/franchises/rankings/topglobal-115388/2011,. html 7) Richard Behar (1998 March 16) Why Subway is Fortune Magazine. CNN Money. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, from http//money. cnn. com/magazines/ issue/fortune_archive/1998/03/16/239302/index. htm 8) Margie Walker. (2008 August) Using Technology to Increase Your Bottom Line. Restaurant Informer. com. Retrieved, in 17th July 2011, http//www. restaurantinformer. om/2008/07/using-technology-to-increase-your-bottom-line/ 9) Synergy Resources (2008 February 12). Synergy Resources Announces Successful Implementation of ERP Sy stem at optic Graphic Systems in NYC. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http//www. synergyresources. net/pdf/Visual_Graphic_Systems_-_Press_Release. pdf 10) Official Subway Restaurant website. US. Retrieved, in fourteenth July 2011, from http//www. subway. com/subwayroot/index. aspx 11) Subway Restaurant website. World. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http//world. subway. com/Countries/frmNutrition. aspx? CC=AUS&LC=ENG&Mode 12) Official Subway Restaurant website.Q&A. UK. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http//www. subway. com/subwayroot/index. aspx 13) Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. SWOT. Retrieved, in 15th July 2011, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/SWOT_analysis 14) Entrepreneur Magazine (January 2009). Top 10 Franchises of 2009. Retrieved, in 14th July 2011, from http//www. entrepreneur. com/magazine/entrepreneur/2009/january/199094. html 15) Romero, Dennis. (2009). Subway hit the spot. Entrepreneur, Vol. 37(1), p 125 133, 8p. Retrieved from Business Source Complete 16) C omes, Steve. (2010). Fred DeLuca. Nations Restaurant News, Vol. 4 (37), p54, 1p. Retrieved from Business Source Complete 17) Nations Restaurant News (June 2010). Top 100 Chains Ranked by Growth In U. S. Franchise Units. Retrieved, in 15th July, from Business Source Complete 18) Lee A. Obringer. (June 2010). How Marketing Plans Work. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http//money. howstuffworks. com/marketing-plan24. htm 19) CSPI (January 2009). Subway Urged to Set Nutritional Standards for Foods Marketed to Children. Center for Science in Public interest. Retrieved, in 16th July 2011, http//www. cspinet. org/new/200901141. html Appendices A. Subways J-Curve pic

Ngo And International Development Essay

We live in an imperfect world where citizens be continuously plagued with problems caused by lack of op styleunities or through giving leadership of states that immerses these people into problems not of their own making. These problems are many and diverse ranging form wars, human rights abuse, famine and natural calamities. Many governments are not weaponed to respond adequately to those adversities and it becomes necessary for nongovernmental organizations to intervene.However some countries have continued to frustrate the work of such institutions for different reasons and North Korea becomes a classic example of such a totalitarian government limiting the operations of such organizations. Ngos operations in North Korea Ngos are viewed with great skepticism by the government of South Korea as they go about their work. This is because the government is greatly paranoid of foreign nominal head in the country and aid workers are commonly treated with the same disdain accorded f oreign delegations from the west (Gordon, l.& Snyder, S. 2003). However the degree of freedom and responsibility inclined to ngos depends mainly on the political relation of South Korea and the nationality of the ngo in question. For instance ngos from America and South Korea are the worst affected while their counter parts form Europe enjoy more privileges. Therefore organizations from countries perceived with hostility are not correct granted permanent stay hampering their efforts to help the needy.All ngos however encounter a similar problem since they are not usually allowed access to the people in their problem evaluations and expected to rely on government guidelines in pursuit of their goals. Furthermore hey have to contend with constant monitor by state agencies hat limit their response abilities. However there are hopes that the situation is improving since 1995 when the government of North Korea asked for assistance from the international association in response to food shortage (Smith, 2002).It is perceived that the problem that ngos faced is due to the countrys failure to comprehend the rudimentary principles that from the basis for humanitarian assistance by ngos. However recent acts by the government to eject food assistance by the U S government and the threat to evict all organizations from the U S dexterity erode all the steps gained in diplomacy and relation ad reprove aid organizations from the country (Radia, 2009). ConclusionIt is instead clear that organizations have found it hard to work in North Korea but it is unacceptable for some organizations to quite since such help is vital for those in suffering. Furthermore the gates opened by these organizations allow for an improvement in relations with foreign country and this might in the long run improve the conditions both for these institutions and for the people of North Korea. References Gordon, l. & Snyder, S. (2003).Paved With Good Intentions The NGO Experience in North Korea. West port Praeger Publishers. Radia, k. (2009). Abc news North Korea Rejects US Food Aid, Kicks Out US NGOs. Retreved March 19, 2009, from http//blogs. abcnews. com/politicalradar/2009/03/north-korea-can. html. Smith, H. (2002). Unied States Institute of Peace Overcoming Humanitarian Dilemmas in the DPRK (North Korea). Retreved March 19, 2009, from http//www. usip. org/pubs/specialreports/sr90. html.

My Favorite Deserts

ENGLISH COMP. 2. ASSIGN 2 A Description A description about my favorite sugarinesss. Mrs. Mirelle Jayawardene 3/10/2013 My Favorite Desserts Everybody has their favorite games, cars and meals. too everyone has their desserts and I have mine. All my favorite desserts have one thing in common they all atomic number 18 made with one ingredient that is cocoa. Mmm Chocolate Desserts I honestly believe that umber is the closest we can get to heaven as mortals, seriously. Is there anything better than chocolate to make you tactile sensation all wonderful and gooey inside?Can anything cheer you up as instantly as chocolate desserts can? If youre like me, you atomic number 18 going to love these Best Chocolate Desserts as well as the mouth-watering pictures of the amazing treats. So, what argon we waiting for? Lets dig in Chocolate Decadence cover Inspired by the old-school, ultra-rich, mousse like chocolate cake that usually called for a whole pound of chocolate, half a dozen eggs and lots of butter, here is an enlightened rendition with deep bittersweet chocolate flavor and that dense melt-in-your-mouth texture so characteristic of the genre. No one will guess its healthier.The secret is excellent natural cocoa powder and good-quality bittersweet chocolate, preferably with 70% cacao. Although the cake can be eaten once its completely cool, it comes out of the pan much easier and even tastes better if it has been chilled at least overnight. Frozen Chocolate-Covered Cappuccino Crunch Cake This cake is unbelievably awesome, pleasing and easy to make and versatile you can actually use other flavors to make it much appealing to those who are not coffee-lovers. Cappuccino Crunch Cake combines coffee ice cream, pound cake and NESTLE TOLL HOUSE Milk Chocolate Morsels for a rich and creamy frozen dessertThis dessert was created by Beth Royals of Richmond, VA. Simply Rich Chocolate Syrup This is not your average chocolate syrup, with its deep, rich and smooth choc olate flavor the perfect treats for sweet blank fruits, or to use for the topping of your favorite ice cream or dessert. Cinnamon Chocolate Pudding Chocolate and cinnamon has always been the perfect and a winning combination for any dessert. Cinnamon adds more warmth and deep scent to this special treat and this is one of the best flavors that a chocolate-lover can ideate of because of its richness and creamy texture which is intensified by the whipped cream or any milk.Chocolate Banana Cream Pie The flavors complemented each other beautifully. The banana and chocolate - a classic combo - but brought to another level of interesting with the addition of the salted caramel, which also played nicely with the buttery graham cracker crumbs. Cool, creamy, sweet, and ripe so delicious. Chocolate Hazelnut Terrine with Raspberry Sauce This elegant dessert is a chocolate-lovers dream served in a pool of ruby-red raspberry sauce. all made with hazelnut liquor, this will surely become a big hit because of its sweet taste.The good thing is you can make some changes. kinda of using heavy cream you can use whipped fat-free evaporated milk blended. For chocolate, you can substitute Dutch cocoa and cocoa white baking chocolate bar. Chocolate Buried Treasure Bars You will find sweet delight in every bite in this chocolate buried nourish bars, with layered almonds, dried berries and morsels these bars are worth craving for. The combination of this bar will positively wow youre lucky guests who have the flourishing opportunity to taste this fantastic chocolate treat.In all these wonderful pictures that have been displayed above lies a wonderful, mouth watering and breath taking taste that I have had the pleasure of indulging in. I have tasted these wonderful treats mainly when I was on vacation in different countries and different cities. There are many more wonderful delicious treats that I have not mentioned and the reason for that is, those delicious desserts had no rea l description, because I could not describe them. They are indescribable there taste was so sweet and tender that my taste buds could not control themselves.I have been too many countries, seen many cities and tasted many desserts full to know that the desserts I have mentioned above are for me the top 7 that I will always want to taste just one more time. Desserts are described as a sweet, delicious conclude to a wonderful meal that brings you to utter the words Delicious. My dreams vary from entertaining people, discovering and studying history and as of my last vacation that solidified my professional like taste buds my new dream is to travel the world tasting all the delicious desserts.

A Short Story By O’ Henry Essay

ThemesDeath and DyingLast leaf is a short story that entails the treasury of aliveness and the existence of faith and look forward to. It need to the greatness of living and how we deal with the hindrances we battle through our life story. It is a moving story across the traps that come across us in the most epochal parts of our lives, the value of life is the centerpiece of story, where all the things go back and revolveApart of this story gives us a hint that God is the moreover one who knows that whether we ride on with life and chances or trail on and be drawn against the judgment, the melodramatic and picturesque setting of the story connects to the negative situation of main fount facing life and death subject matter.PessimismJohnsy the main character seems to be a very pessimistic person. She has lost the entire supportive attitude in life due to her disease and she is waiting for her death. Your little lady has made up her mind that shes not going to digest well. Has she anything on her mind That is the first step of Jhonsy that she has made up her mind that she volition die when the last leaf fall. That signifies the mental and psychological conditionn of her and is describing the theme of pessimistic. She was feeling out of window and counting -counting backwards The psychological disturbances sh sustain by O Henry in these lines as she is tired of waiting that when the last leaf falls, she provide be near to death. When the last one falls I must go, too.Here in these lines Henry has destineed extreme pessimism.It is the last one, said Johnsy I sentiment it would surely fall during the night. I heard the wind. It will fall today, and I shall die at the same time. These words literated by jonsy again show her fearful and chaotic state of mind. She has supposed the things which have no logic and waiting for her death, or waiting for the last leaf to fall.Self-SacrificeMr. Behrman risks his life for Johnsy. He has sacrificed his own life, to give life to Johnsy the painting he made at the wall, shows his self sacrificing, charitable and noble nature. He himself catches the pneumonia anddies, but he didnt let Johnsy to die. With the character of Mr. Buhrmann, O Henry is showing the sacrificing mature of a man and it gives us a message that self sacrificing is a great deed and one has to kind and gentle towards others. Mr. Buhrmann died of pneumonia today in hospital.HopeTheme of hope is very nicely presented in this story. Doctor is a very optimistic person and he tries to make Johnsy realized that is she has made her mind that she will die when the last leaf fall that could be harmful for her. He told her that he can besides provide her medicine and that is effective as 50 cent, the next situation is in her hand. I subtract 50 percent from the curative power of medicines. If you will get her to ask one question about the new writer styles in cloak sleeves I will promise you one-in-five chance for her, instead of So O Henry conveys message one never let go for hope and optimist approach in life. It is out state of mind which can aim worse or better for us in our lives Sadie, someday I hope to point the bay of NaplesThese lines show Johnsys desires and aspirations. It gives the picture of hope and this hope in life gives us the spirit of living in this world.Love and FriendshipIn last leaf O Henry describes friendship and irons between two friends. They care and have sex each other, and she supports Johnsy morally when she falls ill. She proves to be great support for Johnsy and she tries her level best to bring back Johnsy towards life and in the world of optimism. Dear, Dear said she, learning her won face down to the pillow think of me, if you wont think of yourself. What would I do? These lines show the effective relationship between two friends. Mr. Behrman also shows great deal of love for these girls. Although he is bit careless person but he really cared for Johnsy and his love is s hown by his painting for the sake of Johnsys life.What is the theme of The Last Leaf by O Henry?The theme of this story is definitely self-sacrifice. Mr. Behrman sacraficed his own health for Johnsy. One theme of this story is that you should never judge someone by what they appear to be, but by their actions. Behrman acts fierce and aggressive, but his actions show how much he cares about Johnsy. I learned to judge people, not by their looks, but by their actions, because ultimately, actions are the things that make an impact Passion, hope and personal sacrifice. O Henry gives people hope in a quickly transforming world where big bussinesses and technology were taking over artsy New York. it is about the love between those friends

Twin Study

1. Methods and results In this study, doubting Thomas Bouchard and David Lykken, along with their associates at the University of Minnesota, were attempting to prove if nature is the determining factor in a persons personality or if it really is the nurturing environment. They wanted to see if check who were separated at birth and brocaded in different environments would still have exchangeable personalities, which support the theory that a persons genes has more invasion on a persons character than the environment.In order to study their hypothesis, Bouchard and Lykken placed identical twins that were separated by birth due to adoption and spent a calendar week conducting various tests four personality trait scales, three aptitude and occupational interest inventories as hale as two intelligence tests. Through these examples and other tests, Bouchard and Lykken complied copious amounts of data on the twins. The results of the study advance the nature theory in that an overwhe lming percentage of the twins had similar results and personalities despite having never bountiful up together. . Analysis It does appear that this studys results proved whether nature or nurture is chief(prenominal) in the development of a persons personality. At least this seems to have been proven in the instance of identical twins. However, there was no mention of research make involving twins raised in the same household to compare to this studys results. I do believe that the experiment was done properly in coordination with the scientific method but that various psychologists should have replicated the experiment numerous measure over time. . Criticisms As with all published findings, there were those who argued against the claims made by Bouchard and Lykken. Some members of the psychological companionship believed that what was published was incomplete and therefore cannot be regarded as true unless all the results are made available. In addition, some critics claim that Bouchard and Lykken are guilty of the equal environment assumption which is that identical and fraternal twins are slightnessed equally and raised in identical environments.This assumption is untrue as parents treat fraternal twins, two separately fertilized eggs versus one that split, as complete different individuals like both other siblings born at separate times. Other psychologists agreed with Bouchard and Lykken and even completed their own studies intimately genetic influence on peoples personalities as well as choices, and many of these studies had similar results, thus further supporting Bouchard and Lykken. 4. ConclusionThe overall meaning of this study is that the debate of nature versus nurture continues in the field of psychology and it is more a matter of interpretation of data and personal belief quite a than something set in stone. Psychologists continue to follow the studys example by investigating the impact of genetics on a persons choices and actions such as whom they fall in get it on with and other complexities of human behavior. This study changed psychology in that there was a new element, genes, for psychologists to analyze for explanations close to the human psyche.

Principles and Theories of ethics Essay

In their quest to seek for solutions on respectable issues, hu earthly concern worlds have constantly been formulating theories. These theories form an important point from where all investigation should be launched. As state invent new ideas or stock-still improve on the current existing ideas, more(prenominal) challenges and complications come up. This has been observed in the modern world where scientific advancement has seemed to dominate in all field of knowledge. Among these fields of scientific inventions is the medical checkup field which umteen mass have believed to reduce the mortality rate rate and at the same time increased the keep expectancy among many mickle in the world.Despite all these, fertility rate has seemed to reduce among the people while the terminal illnesses have been cursorily increasing. It is this reason that many doctors and medical pr forgeitioners have joined hands to look for long lasting solutions to these enigmas. whatsoever of the se solutions have been unearthed, which include the use of stop cellular telephones in treating tolerants with these problems. This has however raised many questions especially on issues concerning honourable justifications. This paper on that pointfore examines deuce of such works that were carried out by Dr Shroff and Dr.Kerkis as report in articles entitled mice have been used to make human sperm and Stem cell intercession lets Aussie breathe respectively. (http//www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. hypertext markup language http//search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors ) check to Rainbow C, there exist four prescripts of morality. These include least terms, umpire beneficence and respect for autonomy.According to the principle to the principle of least harm, it is prudent to make a choice that forgeting harm the least come in of people. The choice do should withal result to the least harm to the people involved. In the modern world, there atomic number 18 so many men who be willing to have children but unable be establish their sperms ar non possible. According to the research, there is still hope for couples who experience such problems. The use of mice in ware of human sperms and so adheres to the principle of least harm and thus justices the use of mice in production of viable human sperms.The extr figureion of the dental pulp from teeth is however harmful but there harm is less as compared to the inability of a man to have viable sperms. (http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The principle of justice on the other(a) hand encourages play interpretions that are fair to the concerned. Such a decision should be reproducible and based on logic unless justified otherwise by existence of justified extenuating statuss. In the case of mice and human sperm cells prod uction, it should be noted that the men are first given the hazard to try their best to endure children in the natural way.Professional medical practitioners who exploit any other alternative of dealing with such a situation confirm their inability. The couples are finally given the panorama to choose what is good for them and thus the use of mice is only for those who are willing. This therefore adheres to the principle of justice. Dr Kerkis has also made it clear that she first used stem cells from dental pulp that was extracted from a male donor. It therefore pith that the process is justified by the adhearing to the principle of justice since the consent of the concerned was first sought.(http//www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethical motive/theories. htm http//www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ honourable_theories. html) According to beneficence principle, people must do all that is seen to be good. Just desire the utility principle, it is always advisable to maximize what is good and minimize the evil. It is very true to say that the great the amounts of good that people do, the more the earns. According to this principle, production of viable human sperm cells by mice will do well to those who are unable.Apart from improving the psychological health of the concerned, it will also uphold family bonds that whitethorn otherwise be weakened by the inability to get children especially in those communities where children are highly valued as an important ingredient in a happy marriage. (http//www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html ) According to the principle of respect for autonomy, it is very important to allow people to reign everyplace themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their get laids .This is based on the fact that only an individual can gain why he/she chooses a particular lifestyle. Since every human organism must be respected, any decision, especially that which involves intimate issues, must come from him. In order to do so, he must get enough information in the consequences and finally, his consent must be obtained. The reason is because every human being has hisher emotions and motivations that heshe understands from hisher own life experiences.It is the right for every person to lead a life style that he she actually enjoys in which the control everywhere it is vested in hisher decision. It is however important to realize that there exists two perspectives of autonomy respects paternalists and libertarians views. According to paternals, an authority prioritizes a dependent persons best interests over the dependent persons wishes. In the case of mice and human sperms, since the man is aware of his inability to produce viable sperms even though he may wish to have children, he has the freedom to choose to live without them.If he decides so and realizes more satisfaction without the children than using mice to produce viable sperms, he becomes libertarian. When his married wom an and medical practitioner convinces him to use mice to get children, the principle of autonomy is violated and he becomes a paternalistic since his wish may not be based on the use of mice in producing the viable sperms even though his interest is to get children. Libertarian perspective is therefore observed when the persons wish is prioritized over hisher best interest.The person maintains hisher autonomy over hisher decision. ( onlyan J. Kimmel, 1988, pp. 42) In the case of stem cells discussion for the paralyse man is Australia, the principle of least harm is violated since the extraction of the embryonal stem cells will cost the life of the unborn child ir careless(predicate) of whether the concerned womans consent was given or not. merciful life ideally begins after fertilization and it is wrong to deprive the unborn of its right to live in favor of a person who has already had the chance to be born.If such actions were to be encouraged, many people will never live to be born and this will cause more harm than treating the paralyzed people especially if Dr Shroffs vision is to be realized as expressed by her hopes her applied science would be made available around the world to patients suffering from incurable diseases and terminal conditions. Dr Shroffs engineering science also contradicts the principle of justice. The fact that there are many incurable diseases and terminal conditions that may be cured using embryonic stem cells does not justify the act of depriving the unborn the right to life.It will therefore be an act of injustice to deprive the unborn of their right to life. The only extenuating circumstance should be when the womans pregnancy threatens the life of both the unborn and its mother. The doctors advice should be sought and any alternative exploited before the decision to terminate the pregnancy and donate the embryonic stem cells is arrived. It should be realized however that this would result to paternalistic autonomy. Dr Sh roffs technology will also violate the principle of beneficence.This is because the embryo will not benefit in any way from the act of donating its stem cells. The embryo itself cannot give permission to donate the stem cells. The principle of autonomy is not spared either. The patient may enjoy a paternalistic autonomy but the embryo, which is indeed a human being does not have autonomy to decide on whether to donate the stem cells or not . For a person to make any sound decision on any issue, the principles however form the root of ethical themes. According to rainbow C, there are five major ethical theories.These include virtual ethical theory, deontological theory, casuist theory and utilitarianism ethical theory. (http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to virtual ethical theory, a person is not judged through his/her actions but through his/her caseful. An action may not necessary indicate a persons conventionality behavior sin ce behavior and action are normally conflicting. It is however important to observe an individuals reputation, motivation and morals while making any judgment on any behavior that may seem to be unusual, irregular or unethical.It should however be observed that any individuals change of character is not put into consideration in this theory. This theory justifies the use of embryonic stem cells in the treatment of paralyzed patients. The assumption is that the doctors and the medical practitioners who actually carry out the process of extracting and injecting the stem cells into his/her victims body are people who are trusted and socially approved by the members of the community. Their character justifies their actions and thus they should not be questioned about what they do as long as a patients life is saved.The act of extracting the embryonic stem cells cannot be used to prove the doctor as guilty of murder as long as his/her record of accomplishment in this profession of medici ne is clean. According to Rainbow C, the fiats rights are ethically correct and must be protected and prioritized while making any decision. All societies rights are ethically valid because the majority in any society endorses them. Those who have the power and resources may bestow rights upon people. The society is therefore responsible for deciding on what should be considered as a society is right.The issue of mice producing viable human sperm cells may not be welcomed by many societies. This is because many people do not think that human beings and animals especially the mice can share sperm cells. A child produced by such sperms may be isolated from the other people and this may cause more suffering and harm to it than good. Termination of human life is also unacceptable in the society. This is patent in countries where Christianity is the dominant religion. If the use of contraceptives is criminalized in such societies, it is even worse to extract embryonic stem cells to tre at paralyzed people or even those with terminal illnesses.In such societies, everybody has the right to live and those people who are already born should seek medication incase of any ailment but not to destroy a life in order to save themselves. (http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) According to deontological theory, peoples obligation and duties that have been assigned to them should guide them in the process of solving ethical predicaments. By so doing, the person is believed to have done what was ethically correct. Doctors should help sick people.In this case, sickness refers to any abnormal functioning or dysfunctional of any body organ. Those people who cannot produce viable sperm cells should seek medical attention and the doctors have a duty and obligation to run across that such people can get children. The theory therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroffs actions. It is a doctors obligation to ensure that all incurable diseases a nd terminal conditions are adequately dealt with. The casuist ethical theory is based on the assumption that the current dilemma in question can be successfully solved in a similar way to previously solved dilemmas.This theory therefore compares the current ethical problem with past and similar ethical dilemmas that were successfully solved. It therefore justifies Dr Kerkis and Dr Shroffs actions since their previous works as medical practitioners have been reported to bare good fruits. It however fails to acknowledge that a similar ethical dilemma may not have been witnessed before. (http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) The utilitarianism ethical theory supports any choice that produces the most benefit to most people.Such a choice is seen to be ethically correct. This theory therefore foresees the outcome of an act and judges it based on the benefits that are likely to accrue. There are two type s of utilitarianism. These include act utilitarian and rule utilitarianism. According to rainbow c, In act utilitarianism, a person performs the acts that benefit the most people, regardless of personal feelings or the societal constraints such as laws. Rule utilitarianism, however, takes into account the law and is concerned with fairness.A rule utilitarian seeks to benefit the most people but through the fairest and most just mean available. Therefore, added benefits of rule utilitarianism are that it values justice and includes beneficence at the same time (http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people/kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htm ) both or more of these ethical theories should be combined in order to make the best ethical decision. For instance, I would solve Dr Kerkis dilemma by applying utilitarianism ethical theory, rights ethical theory and casuist ethical theory.I would also solve Dr Shroffs ethical dilemma by applying rights ethical theory, utilitarianism ethical theory and law ethical theory. (http//courses. cs. vt. edu/cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. html ) Conclusion All the ethical theories have common goals that must be achieved for them to be successful. These common goals are the previously discussed ethical principles. It is important to realize that different points are express by the theories that help people to arrive at a decision that is ethically correct. Different people usually use ethical theories in a different way depending on their individual experiences.The theories and principles of ethics lay a good foundation of analyzing actions since they guide people in making ethical decisions. This means that whether Dr Kerkis and/or Dr Shroff are justified or not to proceed with their work or not depends on which principle as well as the ethical theory an individual bases his /her ethical analysis. References Rainbow C, Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles, Retrieved eighth August, 2008, From http//www. bio. davidson. edu/people /kabernd/Indep/carainbow/Theories. htmLancaster University, Ethical theories Retrieved 4th August, 2008. From http//www. lancs. ac. uk/fss/resources/ethics/theories. htm Ethical theories compared http//www. trinity. edu/cbrown/intro/ethical_theories. html relations between utilitarian, deontological, and peripatetic ethical theories Lawrence M. Hinman, Introduction A Pluralistic Approach to Moral Theory Excerpted from Lawrence M. Hinman, Contemporary Moral Issues, second ed. (Prentice-Hall, 1999). Ethical theories Retrieved 1st August 2008, From http//courses. cs. vt. edu/cs3604/lib/Ethics/notes. htmlEthical Theories, Principles, and Decision-Making Models, Retrieved 3rd August, 2008 From http//www. medscape. com/viewarticle/505222_2 Allan J. Kimmel, 1988, Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research Ethics and Values in Applied Social Research, SAGE. Stem cell treatment lets Aussie breathe http//www. news. com. au/perthnow/story/0,21598,23768047-5012754,00. html Perth now Sunday ti mes, July 7th, Mice to replace men as sperm donors http//search. news. com. au/search? us=ndmperthnow&sid=5012760&as=NEWS. WORLD. CANDSAMERICA&ac=TST&q=Mice%20to%20replace%20men%20as%20sperm%20donors