The Arrangement of the Genes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Arrangement of the Genes - Essay Example The only thing keeping us safe from them is our immune system. Our innate immune system (e.g. skin, mucous membranes, sneezing, blinking, excretion of waste, etc.) is the first responder and is responsible for most of the pathogens we encounter everyday. For the uncommon pathogens, we rely on our adaptive immune system to quickly develop and combat new and rare pathogens that the innate immune system cannot handle. That aside, it also changes itself to be prepared for a repeated attack by the same organism. It is amazing to think about how many harmful organisms are repelled again and again by this system that continuously changes to keep us safe. Some of the key players in our adaptive immune system are our T cell antigen receptors (TCR). They are ‘highly variable antigen-recognition structures’1 whose job is to recognize antigens and activate the appropriate lymphocytes to combat them. Since the TCRs are antigen-MHC compound specific and insoluble at the same time, iso lating them was very difficult until scientists started using clonotypic monoclonal antibodies.2 With this method, they were able to determine that the TCRs were heterodimers of 2 sets of chain genes: the ?:? and the ?:? chains. The two have similar structures, but they detect different antigens. The ?:? is the most common (90-99%) while the ?:? is the minority (1-10%). 3 The former detects antigens presented with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) while the latter doesn’t need MHC to detect certain antigens. The genetic structure of the TCR is similar to that of the immunoglobulins (Ig) in B cells. It is composed of Variable (V) and Constant (C) regions. The variable region contains Variable (V), Joining (J) and Diversity (D) segments depending on whether the chain is a light or heavy immunoglobulin (or an ? or ?, or a ? or ? chain for a TCR). In heavy immunoglobulin chains, VDJ gene segments join together randomly, while in the light chains (Lambda and Kappa), they only have V and J segments to join. Combinatorial association in B cells further increases variability by giving the ability to create ‘any one possible heavy chain and any one possible light chain’ in all individual B cells.4 Because of the large number of possible gene rearrangements, the structure of Ig or TCR genes is virtually unique for each B or T lymphocy te.5 Figure 1 T-cell receptor ?- and ?-chain gene rearrangement and expression6 Since T cells also have antigen receptors like the immunoglobulin, they also have a similar process of gene rearrangement and expression. In Figure 1, we can see an ?- and ?-chain rearranging and coming together to form a TCR. The ?-chain gene rearrangement is similar to the light chain because they do not have a D? to combine. The ?-chain is also similar to the heavy chain because it combines V?, D? and J? gene segments. The less common ?- and ?-chains are structurally similar to the TCR?- and ?-chains, but with a few changes. The ? chain is found inside the TCR? chain, between the V? and the J? gene segments. This arrangement causes a loss of ? chain whenever the TCR?-chain rearranges, since any segments in between V? and J? will be deleted. The ?-chain is similar to the TCR?-chain in that it has V, D, and J segments. The ?:? receptors are largely a mystery to scientists as of the moment.7 One of the f ew things determined to be true is the fact that they can detect non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules T10 and T22.8 Combinatorial association further increases the variability, making it possible to have a unique genetic arrangement for every T cell receptor. Figure 2 The numbers of human T-cell receptor gene segments and the sources of T-cell

Spiritual and religious traditions of our ancestors Essay

Spiritual and religious traditions of our ancestors - Essay Example After awhile, he left the tent and went straight to the Confederate picket line where he seriously tried to commit suicide. (Blaise, n.d.) In the end, he was considered to be a hero for successfully diverting the Federal attack away from the civil war. For this reason, he was given the option to choose his own assignment in which he had chosen to see the ‘frontier’ – a remote post in remote South Dakota. As he reaches close to the Sioux village, a Sioux woman cuts her own wrists because her husband past away. (Willis, 2000) However, Dunbar was able to stop her from going through her plan of committing suicide. This woman happens to be a white woman that was raised by the Sioux tribe. For this reason, she became Dunbar’s personal interpreter. In the end, both Dunbar and the interpreter fell in love. The tribe is composed of the whites, the Sioux, and the Pawnee where racism has become the main reason for the civil war. (Willis, 2000) The group of individuals coming from three different races strongly hates people who are different from their own race. The story shows a great violence among the white Americans among other whites, the white on Indians, Indians on white, and Indian among the Indians. The Sioux were directed to show humanity in everyday life which causes the viewers to take side on them when they were at war with the Pawnee. As part of showing the intense war between the three groups of people, the use of profanity was enormous throughout the story. Religiously speaking, there should be no war and everyone should respect each other as brothers and sisters regardless of race, gender and status in life. However, the film focuses more on civil war that strongly violates humanity and the right of men to live. It is a religious tradition that once the husband or the wife past away, the widow or the widower has to mourn for the dead husband or wife for a certain period of time. However, this was