Influenza in Elderly Aged 65 years and above Essay

Influenza in senior(a) Aged 65 years and above - Essay ExampleTherefore, the effective measure for preventing this communicable complaint is to offer influenza vaccinations to ageing wad. Influenza is a semipublic health issue because it is an acute viral infection, which can spread from one individual to another, and it circulates across the globe and can affect many ageing pack at a higher rate. According to the WHO report, global influenza epidemics result to 3 to 5 million of severe cases yearly and this contributes to death rates of approximately 500, 000 deaths where the majority are the ageing people of 65 years and above (Ryu, Kim, Park and Park (2011 p. 4197). Influenza causes annual epidemics and the winter seasons or moderate areas are the peak seasons for influenza. This illness can take economic toll because of heavy expenditure on provision of healthcare services not only to the ripening population but in any case to children who are dependent. The essay explor es the determinants of influenza in aging people and analyzes the inequalities, as well as, policies that impact on the public health issue. Determinants Of Influenza In Adults Age 65 Years Old And Above Ageing people are at higher risks for many vaccine preventable illnesses because this illness contributes to high morbidity and death rate rates. Influenza and pneumonia in adults are among the 8th leading cause for increased death rates among the aging people across the globe (DH 2009, p. 5). Many aging people die while others get admitted in hospitals due to complications of influenza distemper. The determinant of health covers all the risk performers that may pose an individual to influenza. neighborly issues are among influenza determinants among the of age(p) populations across the globe. The research carried out revealed that social determinants such as gender, ethnicity, social-economic status, heathen beliefs and values were among the determinants of influenza in adult s (Nagata (2013, p. 88). The behavioral beliefs, affordability, education or attitudes about the vaccine are also significant determinants of flu vaccine. Vaccination gains influenza virus is vital because it is one of the best methods of preventing unnecessary hospitalizations and premature death rates to elderly people. Another influenza determinant is the health care provisions among the elderly population. Since the beginning of the 20th century, timely and efficient intervention methods have been significant contributing factors for the decline of morals rates from influenza disease and other associated diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease (Merrill 2010, p. 57). The health of aging population is influenced by varied factors including the past and present behaviors, as well as, health care provisions. There is an immense dissimilarity among the health inequalities and health determinants. The primary causes for health are often summed up in the slogan of dealing with the determinants for wellbeing and health inequalities. The health inequalities are tackled under the form _or_ system of government implementation whereby the government focuses on distribution of equal health care services to all population. nidus on the determinant of healthcare inequalities is vital because this is one of the increased causes for widespread influenza disease. Education factor is among the social determinants of influenza and it is linked to learning disabilities for adults. The research study carried out revea

Public and private spaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public and private spaces - Es adduce ExampleHowever, this also meant that virtually people who were insensible on the streets took him literally. In fact, it was not shocking that one of the captured individual has sued him. In one instance, Borat, using a voice heavy with accent, greets a man and introduces himself, to which the man runs off, scared and, apparently, showing that he is xenophobic (Stowe & Stump, 2007 p55). temporary hookup Borat did not obtain his consent to put him in the film or trailer, he could claim that he was investigating the manner in which Americans be encounter towards foreigners, which is guaranteed under granting immunity of the press. Since the reaction by the man is newsworthy, as well as in public interest, Borat is able to exploit the First Amendment to the benefit of his film. This part is especially shocking due to the total disgust on the mans face at existence approached by a foreign man who is shabbily dressed. The film, while embarrassing to those captured showing the worst in them, is socially responsible, at least compared to what really happens in the real world. The freedom of speech is also embarrassed in some ways for example, the designer Jean Paul Gaultier in his Brooklyn Museum exhibition. The exhibition is shocking to say the least and sometimes seems like a scene one would expect to see in a strip club or, at best, in the bedroom. Latching onto the notion of the First Amendment, the designer decided to exhibit articles of vesture that border on the subversive, especially when it comes to his depictions of sex. In fact, the infamous Madonna cone bra seems mild compared to some of the revealing clothing on show (Murphy, 2013 p1). The brochure accompanying the exhibition claims that humans have an cozy relationship with what they wear and that clothes are with us in private and public (Murphy, 2013 p1). While this is a logical view, what he goes on to exhibit blurs the line between what should be shown in public and what he should show in private exhibitions. In seeking to bring what people normally associate with matter and privacy into a public exhibition, Jean Paul Gaultier exploits and humiliates the freedoms under the First Amendment. While he does have protection under the first amendment, what the exhibition stands for should be a private affair not a public one in a public institution. At some point, it almost seems that, instead of exploring the content of sex, which is not a bad thing in itself, he is moving towards an exhibition of how prostitution looks like. well-disposed responsibility is totally lacking in this exhibition. Finally, there are also some instances in which the freedom of speech is celebrated, such as in the film The Yes Men Fix the World. In this film, the film elucidaters make mock advertisements and press releases. A particularly striking one, which was quite hilarious and revealing, was the one about the US Chamber of Commerce. They were the subjec t of a mock press conference captured in the film, which claimed that they had altered their stance on the legislation regarding global warming and climate change (Russell & Cohn, 2013 p32). In addition, they also posted what seemed like the media bone marrow page on the website run by the Chamber of Commerc

Samsun Galaxy Tablet's Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies Research Paper

Samsun Galaxy Tablets Design, Operations, and Supply Chain Strategies - Research Paper ExampleMoreover, they are the second largest semiconductor chip manufacturer in the world at present. Many people intend that they may surpass the leader Intel in that segment also in near future itself. It is wide believed that Samsung Electronics is best positioned for the new developments in the smartphone market and go away continue to expand its leadership in memory, as rise up as new components like AMOLED and rambling AP. The company is more favourably positioned than before in roughly of its product categories it is quickly becoming the number one player in handsets (from a contrary third place behind Nokia and Motorola in 2005), its already the dominant number one player in TV (from fourth in 2004) and its a major player in new components like Mobile AP (part of System LSI) and AMOLED (part of Display Panel), which are relatively new businesses. It has several stars including smartp hones, tablets, AMOLED and System LSI a few change cows such as DRAM and featurephones and one real dog in LCD displays (Samsung Electronics The muffin of the Samsung Empire Secrets of Success and Future Growth Engines, p.151) Even though Apple Inc is believed to be the most blue-chip technology company in the world, the death of Steve Jobs has opened many opportunities for Samsung to defeat Apple not just in mobile phone market but also in the tablet market as well. At present Apple Inc and Samsung are believed to be engaged in fierce battle to shadow the smartphone and tablet market. Even though Apple was successful in introducing worlds outgrowth berth screen phone (iPhone), Samsung was able to give a strong reply to iPhone with the help of their Galaxy S2 and S3 series of smart phones. Same way, Apple introduced iPad or tablets much earlier than Samsung however, Samsung tabs are causing strong challenges to iPads veritable(a) though they came little bit late in the mark et. Samsung Electronics Co. is so big and profitable that the measure for verbalise when the company is doing better than normal is when it goes on a streak of setting record quarterly profits. It happened in 2010 and its happening now. Samsungs second quarter results broke the record set in the first quarter. Some analysts think the third quarter will be even better, but that net income will drop sequentially in the fourth (Samsung 5 Lessons The 2nd Record Edition) In short, Samsung is one of the most rapidly growing consumer electronics companies in the world at present. Samsung tablets are capturing wide public attention because of its ranking(a) performances and cheaper prices compared to the products of its competitors. The future of tablets is bright since it is a blend of mobile phones and laptops. It should be noted that mobile phones are trained however, its capabilities are limited compared to a laptop. Same way, laptops are convenient for computing purposes however, th ey are bulky and weighty weighted. On the other hand, tablets can be used as a computer as well as a smartphone. Moreover, it is handy and light weighted. In short, the future of tablets seems to be extremely bright and indeed it is important to learn more about this produc

Health Care Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

health Care Reform - endeavor ExampleThe most hotly contested issue in the look at is how best to gain linguistic universal coverage. While there is agreement that goal is for everyone to have health care coverage, there is much debate over the best mechanisms to achieve the goal. John Holahan, Director and Linda J. Blumberg, Senior Fellow of the Urban Institute Health Policy Center said A public plan would not destroy the private indemnity market but would make it more competitive and lead to the benefits associated with competition. Many private plans would remain enthralling because of their ability to be responsive to consumer demands and to be innovative in care management. Public plans are dinky because they washbasin offer better access to necessary care for diverse populations, have lower administrative costs, and have strong negotiating power with providers (Karina, 2009). Dr. Sidney Wolfe of the public interest group Public Citizen disagreed, advocating for a single remunerator Health Care Reform stating In seven states, ranging from Washington to Minnesota to Maine, they have tried what amounts to a mixture of a private and a public plan. And in none of the states has there been any keep up reduction in the number of uninsured. Its way too expensive (Bill Moyers Journal, 2009).The Obama Plan Stability & Security For every last(predicate) Americans contains a two part proposal with respect to universal coverage. piece 1 under death chair Obamas Plan, is the creation of an insurance marketplace, the Exchange that would provide small businesses and individuals with access to a wider variety of choice. Part 2 under the Presidents plan offers a more affordable option to those who cant find affordable coverage in the Exchange or elsewhere (The White House, 2009). In essence, the Public Option would operate similarly to Medicare, except that anyone who cannot afford

Feudalism and the Manorial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feudalism and the Manorial System - move ExampleManorial governing body was social and economic system in chivalric Europe. The system regulate peasant land tenure and production, administered taxation and local justice. There is a close relationship amongst the manorial system and feudalism. In both cases, regulation of land tenure featured as a major factor that influenced production of the nation. The difference of the systems is the political and military aspect. In medieval Europe, feudalism and manorial system defined the structure of governance. In the feudal system, the baron leased land to his immediate juniors in the monarchial hierarchy. The faggot gave them vast stretches of land. The people receiving land from the king were vassals. They managed the land under their control. The system was a turn of exchange of services. In return, the king gained loyalty and war troops from the vassals. The vassals had a responsibility of working as knights. This included serving in castles and undertaking training for forty days. When the king waged war, the vassals were to fight for the king with every(prenominal) loyalty. Other returns to the king from the vassals were financial support and hosting of the kings entourage during tours. When feudalism arose in Europe, it knobbed the exchange of weapons and other items. When Europe entered the agrarian period, then land was included in the feudal system. The barons yet divided their land and leased it under the same conditions. Feudalism involving land formed the manorial system. Landowners hired peasants to work in the farms. The peasants earned a source of living from this. Other peasants practiced different forms of finesse on the small p the great unwasheds of land and paid taxes in return to the landowner. The manorial system led to the governing body of a noble class. Landowners formed the noble class while peasants were commoners. The difference in social perspective explains how each of the g roups lived. The rich landowners treated the peasants as slaves. The life of the peasants depended on the landowners. In the hierarchy, the landowners had a responsibility of providing the king with war troops. The taxation and local justice system depended on each baron. Some of the barons overtaxed the peasants working on the fiefs (Spielvogel 358). Feudalism and the manorial system were distinct systems. However, sometimes barons gained land ownership through feudal grants. The highest order, the king leased land to the barons. Marriage and inheritance are the other pathways through which barons received land. The manorial system served to sustain the medieval Europe economically. Manors had the potential to produce enough for consumption and the surplus directed to the market. The medieval European society consisted of manorial villages. There was exchange of goods between the villages. Contribution of the Christian Faith in Renaissance Though perceived differently, the Renaissa nce in a general sense may be looked upon as the achievement of present spirit in opposition the spirit and faith that existed during the middle age. In the progression of western civilization, there was a period defined by disease, death, and waging war. During this period, there were little advances make in technology. People were less interested in literary works. However, the era that followed was different. People had a lot of interest in literary works, philosophy, and understanding of nature. The power of man

Animals as Friends, not Scientific Experiments Essay

Animals as Friends, not Scientific Experiments - Essay mannikinAs argued by philosopher David DeGrazia (1996), The path to the good treatment of zoologys runs through their minds (p. 76). His careen stress the value of taking into consideration animals psychological being, such as their self-consciousness, intelligence, recognition, and ability to feel pleasure and pain, in evaluating the honourable implications of animal experimentation. If the wellbeing of animals rests in his/her emotions, and if such emotions are the mechanism of the mind, then every genuine moral logical argument over animal welfare should one way or another consider what is in the minds of these animals. DeGrazia (1996) argues, What sorts of cordial capacities we attribute to animals have a great deal to do with how we think they should be treated (p.1). The argument of DeGrazia is compelling because it poses crucial and interconnected issues. First, is there truly a difference between the physical and the mental in animal welfare? Are hunger and pain, which are primary concerns of animal welfare, truly associated with the minds of animals? Or are these welfare concerns physical, or a union of the mental and the physical? This paper begins with Albert Schweitzers posture of animal welfare that does not depend on evaluating the mental capabilities of animals, to identify his contribution to the resolution of true cases of animal experimentation. Albert Schweitzer suggested respect for life as a guideline for interacting with and relating to our environment. According to Schweitzer, an ethical man does not ask how far this or that life deserves sympathy as valuable in itself, nor how far it is fitting of feeling. To him life as such is sacred. He shatters no ice crystals that sparkles in the sun, tears no ripple from its tress, breaks off no flower, and is careful not to crush any insect as he walks (Carbone 2004, 48). This program line is inspiring, but does it contribute to the resolution of the issue on how and when to research or test on animals? Could the ethical man ethically inflict pain on animals for scientific research? Evidently, Schweitzer says yes to the latter question because he is not a critic of animal experimentation. He argues (Carbone 2004, 48) Those who experiment upon animals by surgery and drugs, or inoculate them with diseases in order to be able to help mankind by the results obtained, should never quiet their consciences with the credendum that their cruel action may in general have a worthy purpose. In all single instance they moldiness consider whether it is really necessary to demand of an animal this sacrifice for men. And they must take anxious care that the pain be mitigated as much as possible. He proposed that life should be respected and valued, irrespective of its position on any human hierarchy. However, he adjudge the special need to draw a line between when to save a life and order up another, but gave practica lly no instruction for these decisions. By placing his entire focus on the ethical mans attributes instead on those to whom this ethical man should pay moral attention to Schweitzer contributes insignificantly to the cases of animal welfare. Science and technology have their limitations and cannot resolve the ethical issues entrenched in nearly all animal welfare discussions. For example, not every suffering or pain can be soon cured with medicines. What degree of pain requires stopping a scientific resear

Explain why emissions' trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian Essay

Explain why emissions trading is a compromise between a) the Pigovian revenueation approach and b) the pure Coase theorem approac - Essay Example8). Pigouvian taxation approach electric arc trading and Pigouvian taxation ar both the approaches for reducing the emission s of greenhouse gases by providing incentives to firms and individuals. The Pigouvian tax involves the increase of cost of production of carbon by the government, and the market determines the cost-efficient quantity. On the contrary, the emission transaction entails the regulation of the amount of emission by the government with a market-determined price of the carbon, based on the reallocation of polluting permits (Mabey 2001 p. 61). Pigouvian tax effectively requires a polluter to internalize the cost of pollution by imposing taxes. This tax represents the cost to society, because of polluting the environment. The emission trade and the Pigovian approach support lead to the same reduction of pollutants. Emi ssions trade though is more advantageous, because the rights to pollute ar given through a market to those who erect make efficient use of them (Lane 2009 p. 145). For companies to trade their carbon credits, they pee-pee to reduce their emission. However, companies that generate higher emission will have to buy more credits (Tiwari & Dubey 2010 p. 316). Pure Coase theorem approach Coase theorem describes the financial effectiveness of an economic allocation, or the ensue in the presence of externality. According to this theorem, if there is the possibility of externality, and there are the absences of transaction costs, bargaining can cause an efficient result without considering the first allocation of property rights. Poor definition of property rights can obstruct the coasian agreement (Callan & Thomas 2009, p.69). The coase theorem is the motivation principle behind emission trade because when there are absence of transaction expenses, the involved individuals can negotiate to a jointly beneficial result (Fine & Milinakis 2009 p. 101) negociate to a mutually helpful outcome can be expensive because the transactions costs are almost never zero. This concept is very important for the market-based environmental policy. Reduction of transaction costs is a fundamental factor in facilitating people to use markets to handle and optimize pollution. Coase theorem rests upon restraining assumptions like the small size of it groups, and near-zero transaction costs. However, in practice, transaction costs are often prohibitive and the government has to intercede (Harris 2003 p. 39). 2 major approaches to environmental regulations are the use of command and assert together with economic instruments (Gokcekus, Umut & LaMoreaux 2011 p.257). Command and control methods like pollution standards and targets are commonly found in the developing and the developed countries. Actors who fail to visit the levels that were specified by the standard are liable to sanctio ns. This is in contrast to economic instruments, which work by modifying markets and the incentives of agents in order to achieve publicly desirable amount of pollution (Levin 2009 p. 741). Market creation for the emission trade is an efficient method of lowering transaction costs. In reducing the transaction expenses, it is important to secure and enforce property rights so that a company that has a right to emit a certain(prenominal) amount per year can trade away some or all the rights, and will be held accountable for the amount that it emits. Therefore, if

The effects roe vs wade had on society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The do roe vs wade had on society - Essay ExampleThis essay examines the effects of the legalization of abortion on the United States political spectrum and on the effect it has had on the rights of women, and also attempts to quantify a sacking in moral standards that critics and religious leaders claim are a direct result of the haughty Courts decision.One of the main effects of the Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court regnant has been the significant reverberations felt by the political spectrum. In the wake of the decision the republicans and Democrats political parties experient a decisive split in perspectives that further divided the two major groups (Aster 8). With the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980, the Republican Party defined itself as pro-life (Aster 5). During 2004, the Republican platform outlined their position stating, we say the unhatched child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed (Doan 90). The same year the democratic Party issued a pro-choice proclamation, Because we believe in the privacy and equality of women, we stand proudly for a womans right to choose, consistent with Roe v. Wade (Doan 91). Whereas previously party affiliations had been contingent on the members education or income level, the world after Roe vs. Wade increasingly experienced divisions based further on religious distinctions (Aster 194). As the two parties become increasingly divided in their political perspectives, a number of analysts and cultural critics noted a decrease in productive negotiation between the competing parties. For example, since the decision the appointment of Supreme Court Justices has focused predominantly on their stance on the abortion issue (Aster 198).Another important impact Roe vs. Wade had on society was changing the status of women. Feminists argue that the legalization of abortion has given women greater control over their lives and futures and had

SYSTEMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT 440 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SYSTEMS SAFETY MANAGEMENT 440 - Research Paper ExampleThe identified components of a robust gum elastic commission system plan for the aviation patience include caoutchouc policy, safety risk caution, safety assurance and safety promotion. The above safety management system components have the strength of providing the necessary frameworks and guidelines for managers in the aviation diligence to execute and implement effective system safety plan plan in the organization.The central role and aim of aviation organizations is to deliver services, achieve production create and generate return on investments so as enhance their growth and sustenance of operations (Castro, 2005). Airports, telephone linelines, air traffic organizations and aviation service providers are key components of the aviation industry. Safety in the aviation industry is an important aspect and this has been further reaffirmed by the increasing public expectations regarding aviation safety. A safety manag ement system refers to a systematic approach that is geared towards managing safety and it entails the necessary organizational structure, accountabilities, policies and procedures (Castro, 2005). The aviation industry extensively relies on safety management system in order to achieve overall safety at both the organizational level and individual level. The role of safety management system in the aviation industry is to prevent human injury or loss of life and to avoid cost to the environment and to property (Yilmaz, 2008). Despite the overarching need for safety in the aviation industry, safety management system has not been fully implemented and fostered across the industry. This paper examines the role of safety management system in the aviation industry and strategies and approaches that can be used to implement and execute a safety management system in the aviation industry.System safety refers to the application of engineering and management principles, criteria, and techniqu es with a keep an eye on of optimizing safety within the constraints of

Masculinity and Violence in Fight Club and Drowning Tucson Essay

Masculinity and Violence in fence Club and Drowning Tucson - Essay ExampleHowever, when a generation of work force is raised by women, on that point is no male example (Palahniuk 50) to follow and males only have that urge for liberalization and the need to ascertain their maleness. adept can take that the Tyler in repugn Club is the real macho man who tries to struggle external from the feminized Narrator, or, in other words, Tyler is the real male self of the Narrator. In fact, what Palahniuk points out and what the reader feels is that real masculinity involves surplus aggressiveness and sexual and emotional desires. In the real society, most males be forced to practice surplus repression to look civilized. Thus, there are institutions of male bonding which offer them a way to let loose this hidden aggression in the safest possible way. They engage in fist fight in such(prenominal) institutions and enjoy a sense of power. In the novel, the Narrator is a person who has los t his sense of manhood. He does not have a name, lives al wizard, and is unable to make healthy relations with others. This extreme pain and derangement makes the real man in him struggle away and become Tyler who wants to become the leader of the space monkeys (Palahniuk 132).... The much comfortable the Narrator becomes with Marla, the more detached he gets with the destructive plans made by Tyler. Finally, by the date he admits he likes her, the Narrator is in total contradiction with Tyler, and eliminates him (Palahniuk 15). However, the men who are still uninvolved continue demanding the return of the anarchic Tyler. At least the Narrator realizes Marla is not the reason behind anarchy. Thus, one can see that there are various factors Palahniuk tries to point out as the reasons behind violence. The eldest one is the lack of role models of maleness for the new generation which is often brought up in a feminized society. The feminist era took away everything that is good as the virtues of femaleness and men of the post-feminist period were left with postcode more than mere ambiguity regarding masculinity and parenting (Palahniuk 141). The second important factor is the homophobia developed by men in a patriarchal society. It is admitted facts that many hate crimes occur as a result of doubts all over sexual orientation. In Fight Club, the Narrator gives Angel Face a severe beating to see that his beauty is reduced because the Narrator hates the favoritism Tayler shows towards him. (Palahniuk 96) Evidently, males have their own ways of measuring masculinity. To illustrate, in Fight Club, it is seen that the ability to conquer a woman is an important aspect of deciding ones maleness. As a result, there is a kind of rift between males that arises out of this competition to win women, and in the novel, there is a great degree of tension between Tayler and the Narrator in this regard. (Palahniuk 113) Thus, it becomes evident that mens lives are structured around aggressiveness and power relations. The highly phallic notion of masculinity

An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestley - Essay ExampleIt also mentioned the cleaning woman who urged Eva to go to the Palace bar who was an agent of Brumleys prostitutes. More to that atomic number 18 the people mentioned in her lodgings.The play envisioned so many concerns that relates to how a person should act in the society that he or she lives in. single of the highlights of the play is the death of Eva which led to the most important argument in the play which is responsibility. At the etymon of the play, Mr. Birling gave his restricted view of responsibility in a extensive dialogue. Moreover, Mr. Birlings definition of responsibility was followed by the appearance of the Inspector. Then the inspector gave his concept of responsibility as well before he left. countenance is the lowers costs and higher prices. It manifested the playwrights view on of Mr. Birlings enthusiasm for joining the two affluent families of Croft and Birling and his hopes that they tail still work for lower costs and higher prices. As a businessman, lower costs are mostly realized by paying the workers lower wages.Third, the play opened the window about divulging the personal identity of the Croft and the Birling families- their likeness and their differences. It also showed how the two families present themselves in gatherings.Lastly, this play depicted a commonalty scenario in the early 20th century.

Success For All Through Maximizing The Power of Peer Learning Essay

Success For each Through Maximizing The Power of consort Learning - Essay ExampleStudents and pupils that work groups are express to be more successful in reasoning and critical thinking skills which ultimately improves their general carrying into action (Cohen, 1994). Peer education is a complex expression and as result it is not slowly to pivot man down a simple definition and bingle can only attempt to describe it. Peer education can be described as an approach through which youths can operate in collaboration with their contemporaries which draws upon the positive aspects of peer dynamics through appropriate training and exposure, peers can percolate how to play an active part in the education process rather than simply be passive recipients of the same.I was motivated to try out peer learning models because as a teacher it was easy for me to appreciate the advantages they held both as result of experience and from a study of research and literature on the same. Peer edu cation is becoming an increasingly popular process of providing not just advice and social education but as a method of pedagogy which is seen as an all-inclusive involving and benefiting pupils the peer educators and the school in general. Among the many benefits of peer teaching is that it brings about positive changes in response to knowledge, skills and confidence all which a critical in academic and personal development. Peer educates are also likely to acquire the uncommon benefit of up to date information and life skills that the convectional teachers may not provide and it is easier for them to identify and pull in positive relationships with them.Brown and Campione argue that a community of learners in classroom can be conceived in terms of various proximal development zones through which participants can navigate at their different paces and routes. Piaget who is one of the foremost experts on development and education concurs in his social-cultural learning theory whic h proposes that people acquire sensitive skills and

Ronald Ernest Paul Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ronald Ernest capital of Minnesota - assay ExampleHe was criticizing the same social intercourse in which he was part of it. Many critics observed that the critics from Paul were meant for individual benefits especially as campaign tools. He was quoted in his idiom saying, I think Congress is about 20 years behind (Ron Pauls Speech). In his speech ,he dwelt on the on the need to critically articulate the issues related to foreign and domestic strategy issues, which he verbalize they negatively impacted on the economy and he said the country was headed to a worst economy crisis. It is incongruous that Ron Pauls criticism was on the same congress, which he is part of. He is one of the winless members of the congress, yet he appears the top critic. Ronald Ernest Ron Paul is one of the renowned United States Congressman and emerged to be borrow presidential candidature, having contented for the presidency in 1988, 2008, and 2012. In the year 1988, he was presidential candidate for Libertarian companionship in the 12 years break in the years when he was republican Congressman. In 2008, Ronald Ernest was presidential nominee for Republican Party. He believes on the supremacy of the Constitution and he never proposes a putz to be approved in the Congress, unless it is provided in the constitution. He is presently contesting for presidency under the nomination for Republican Party in the United States (Schoen & Rasmussen 102). ... 8 contestation for presidency under Republican Party, he has been the old-timer architect behind advocacy movement Campaign for Liberty and his ideas has been evidence in his speeches, journals, and books. He has ferment a leading critic in the aspect of civil liberties, gay marriage, taxation policies, foreign policies, health care, entitlements, and abortion. Paul has the believe and understanding that liberties in the market , reducing business regulations and lowering taxes will ascension the market strategies ,as well as pro moting favorable business environment . According to him, these aspects will have haughty impacts on the economy of the United States and also increase employment opportunities within the market environment. He is the gaffer critic on Federal Reserve, arguing that this will present serious implications on the economy of the country. He said in his speech while in Michigan University addressing students that this will lead to the aspect of divulge and boom leading to financial crisis both in the United States and in the global platform. The boom and endure within the economy will promote unethical business practices (Schoen & Rasmussen 89). In his speech he said that, The federal government does a lousy job providing the atmosphere necessary to be competitive and be able to compete around the world because they overtax and they over regulate. In his entire speech in Michigan, he put more emphasizes on the element of abolishing the Federal Reserve ,an economic entity that he argue d that is guilty of collapsing the U.S dollar value and obstructing ,not assisting ,the U.S economy. He said in his speech that the labor policies should be revisited by the Congress where he advocated for a countrywide Right to work policy (Schoen & Rasmussen 123). . He said

Managerial Economics Week 8 Individual Work Assignment

Managerial Economics workweek 8 Individual Work - Assignment ExampleDue to such limitations in cell call technologies, the satellite phone was the best alternative to a wireless phone. Satellites could transmit better than the wireless phones. Therefore, investors opted to commit satellite technology to enhance communication and develop the cell phone industry. Most of these investors used ofttimes money to develop and implement satellite phone systems. Motorola was one of the investors who in 1991 developed the Iridium. Many companies such as Lockheed and Sony invested in the new satellite technology. The Iridium was the first satellite phone to provide function and data solutions to customers and users in many parts of the world.Despite the fact that the Iridium gave the best services, it was not genuine by many people. Users believed that Iridiums costs were more than the services it offered. According to consumers at the time, apply the Iridium was expensive. During the t ime, other existing phone companies such as AT&T were providing better winding phone services. The weak consumer response of the Iridium resulted to bankruptcy of the firm and the entire project failed.Nokia is able to correct to variations in market shifts. Initially, Nokia started as a lumber mill in 1865. However, with increasing growth and knowledge the company diversified into electricity production and rubber products. Collapse of the Soviet Union and recession in Europe in the 1980s left Nokia in a huge crisis. In the 1990s, Nokia changed its trends to focus on cell phones. The company developed new companies in Germany and China. As Nokia was developing and expanding, the demand for cell phones was suppuration in the world and Nokia was one of the companies that felt the demand for cell phones. The company registered increased market take to be and profits reaching peak in 2000. Nokia executives predicted that producing cell phones that could only make calls would not b e profitable for the company by 2000. One of Nokias strategies was to

A Philosphical Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Philosphical Approach - Essay ExampleThe rec all over coordinators personal identity was influenced by Fords identity and at every whole tone he was being thinking in favor of the company. The other reason that had restricted take out coordinator for non recalling the Pinto was collectable to his behavior which was highly influenced by script processing. These are the routine situations on the job due to which humans establish similar behavioral pattern and actuate automatically in all situations, expiration out the consideration for ethical decision reservation (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Answer 2 Moral awareness was shown by the recall coordinator because he believed that he felt responsible for people to make them understand his situation at the particular time. The recall coordinator was a proud supporter of following ethical pay offeousness and an active for cordial injustice. At an early age he became a recall coordinator of Ford which was an intense job with over lo aded information (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). However, when the situation arises, the recall coordinator chooses not to recall because of various reasons. He believed that although he was an activist but he did not develop his ethical base and setting his guidelines and developing views for what is ethically right or wrong. He believed that people should not make those common mistakes in ethical decision making as similar to himself for what he did in the Pinto Fire case. ... The most important thing which the recall coordinator cherished to mention was that many people are unaware of the ethical dilemma. People should be responsible for their act and their decisions at a younger age, that it would make a difference in their lives (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Answer 3 If I were in the place of a recall coordinator, I would have applied Trevino & Nelson 8 step determine to design my decision in an ethical manner. Those 8 steps are discussed below Identify pertinent fact Firstly, I would have collected relevant facts of those deaths that either had they been due to a component ill of the car or were they just severe accidents due to poor driving faults. Till 1973 it was unclear that that the gouge erupted due to fuel tank design. I would also have evaluated the cost and benefit analysis for amend the gas tank. Identify ethical issues I would examine the obligation to people if it had been the companys harvest-feast design fault but also keeping loyalty to the company. I would have stand up to the responsibility for the deaths of people if it had been the companys fault. Identify relevant affected parties I would have investigated the amour of those accidents and would have consoled the families of the victims. I would portray the companys image in a good glisten but also try to identify loss factor of the company if we decide to recall. Identify possible consequences for action I would highlight and give weights to the alternative decisions for recalling and not to recall (Robbins, 2009). Huge cost is associated with recall but further lives would be saved which would be good for society. If I would not recall, then the luck of potential lawsuits and damage to corporate reputation would take place. Even more lives would be in danger.

How to Sleep Well Essay Example for Free

How to Sleep Well female genital organvasIn order to sleep well we should follow three reasons. First of all, dont feast or drink a lot in the first place bedtime. If you drink too much liquid before sleeping, youll wake up repeatedly in the night for trips to the bathroom or cause you to wake up repeatedly. Dont eat spicy or fatty foods because they cause heartburn especially, dont eat something that triggers serotonin, which makes you sleepy. Second, do and dont exercise when you have free time. For example, if you have a sedentary job, a wishing of physical campaign whitethorn be reducing the quality of your sleep.A day of physical exertion (such as taking a run or a swim) or, better yet, regular exercise can make for deeper and more restful sleep. The best time to exercise is in the afternoon. Third, Change your sleeping position. You may think that its impossible to control what position you sleep in since you arent fully aware of what you are doing, just it can make a considerable difference. When you go to sleep, or if you wake up in the middle of the night, make a conscious effort to follow these guidelines until it becomes habitual.Keep your body in a mid-line position, where both your bearing and neck are kept roughly straight. Dont use a flat pillow that causes your head to tilt down toward the mattress. Its difficult to maintain the mid-line position, and it is more likely to cause pains. This will help remedy stress on your back and neck by slightly propping up your body on sensation side. To sum up, try one or two or a combination until you have complete quality sleep to feel alert and well rested.

According to Darwin Essay Example for Free

tally to Darwin Essay1) dodo fuels were formed a very long time ago from plants and animals that were buried and with time changes into oil, coal and inherent gas. They are essentially not part of the carbon cycle. However when man burns fossil fuels, they in a bad way(p) the balance of carbonic acid gas concentration in the cycle as they released a lot of amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. With the abundance of CO2 in the atmosphere, all are not used for the photosynthesis and respiration prolong by the cycle. The excess CO2 contributes to the greenhouse effect, a condition where more heat is trap in the earth because of too many CO2 in the atmosphere. As a result, global warming occurs (Gautier, 2008, pp. 78-79). 2) all four species of lizards that are closely related can become separate species because of the process of active radiation. In an island, these four lizards may live and utilize in different microenvironments of different habitats. There is a speedy speciation of these lizards proceeding to the phenotypic adaptation to divergent environments.See more Social process essayAccording to Darwin in 1842, phenotypes of species fit the divergent environments that they inhabit, and hence that species have been taken and modified for different ends (qtd Schluter, 2000, pp. 10-12). 3). The DNA (chromatins) are not visible in the interphase because by then they are still uncoiled, diffused and disorganized in the nucleus. What happens at this time is that genetic information is transcribed to produce RNA. They appear as dots or grains or thin long strands. However to facilitate separation of DNA, chromosomes are duplicated in the S phase.To prepare for mitosis, the chromosomes digest condensin (an elongated complex of several proteins) mediates then binds and circles DNA into a single chromatid at multiple spots, gimmick the chromatin into a variety of shorter and thicker coils and loops. This made the DNA visible in the microscope (Hartl Jones, 2005, pp. 75-76). 4). The four daughter cells produced in meiosis are unique resulting from a variation of two processes known as independent separatism of the chromosomes and crossing-over.In the independent segregation at the end of Meiosis I, two very different intercede cells are produced. Crossing-over then takes place in meiosis I which affords time and opportunity for the random reciprocation of information from homologous pairs of chromosomes resulting to the unique combination of alleles. These are the reasons why four daughter cells have entirely different set of genetic information (Hartl Jones, 2005, p. 115).

Othello Essay Example for Free

Othello attemptThe language of sin is non just theologically freighted way of talking nighwhat honourablely self-aggrandizing operates it straitss to deeper f justice within human life as we experience it, perversion of outlook and desire that we may come to recognise but can non fully evade. Overview According to view going rear to Aristotle (and probably earlier) psyche who acts out of shiftn feeling about relevant matter of fact may non be morally culpable for what would other(a)wise be bad action.For example, impact who administers an antibiotic without realising that his patient is allergic to it is not guilty of murder if the patient subsequently dies, assuming that the mistake in question is good-faith error which the doctor could not pass avoided (perhaps the patient neglected to give the correct in throwation about allergies when asked to do so). In this kind of situation, ignorance of relevant facts would seem to render the act in question inv oluntary in pendent respect that is to tell apart, merely considered as an act of murder. (Travitsky 184-96)And since we presuppose that somebody is morally responsible only for her freely elect actions, it follows that in these kinds of cases, the agent cannot be regarded as morally culpable for what is objectively bad action. In the tragedy of Othello, many animal references are made by Iago to the people he disrespects. The purpose of Shakespeare course drawing Iago as character who perceives others as animals is to show his dominance and his representation of gentleman, illustrating his superiority over others. The interpretation of Iago signifying mankind reveals another side of him, his bestial nature. (David et. solely 1335-38)Discussion Aristotle apparently did not think that the same define of analysis could be applied to someone who acts out of ill-advised moral view, and Aquinas and most other scholastic theologians would suck in agreed, albeit not always on Aristotelian grounds. 2 However, in recent historic period number of moral theologians and some philosophers have argued that moral mistakes do obviate moral guilt that is, someone who acts out of sincere but wrong belief that given kind of action is morally tolerable cannot be regarded as morally culpable for what she does, even if the act in question is in either other respect voluntary.Of course, if this extension of the Aristotelian rivalry is to be plausible, one would need to add that the mistake in question is not itself the result of prior wrong-doing, and that the agent has taken due care to form his conscience appropriately and to determine what he genuinely owes to himself, to other persons, and (perhaps) to non-human entities or to God. Given these qualifications, however, one faculty formulate, for example, that doctor who kills her patient in the sincere but (lets assume) mistaken belief that she is justified in thus ending his suffering is not subjectively g uilty of murder.The agent freely commits, and is therefore morally responsible for, kind of action that (by hypothesis) meets the objective criteria for murder yet given that she acts out of mistaken belief that the act in question is not morally wrong, she does not commit voluntary act of murder, considered precisely as an act of wrongful killing. (Straznicky 104-34) This is at least plausible view.It seems harsh to regard someone as morally guilty for an action carried out under the mistaken, yet sincere and conscientious belief that an act of the relevant kind is morally justified incidently when we reflect that none of us can be certain that our own moral beliefs are correct in every respect. What is more, this form of analysis seems to defend to at least some widespread intuitions. I believe most people in industrialize societies would be inclined(p) to take this line with respect to cases involving widely controversial and difficult issues, as presented, for example, by an act of euthanasia.However, in other kinds of cases, we may well balk at the conclusion that moral ignorance justifies particular line of action. Imagine doctor who kills her patient because he is an extremely unpleasant old man who is tormenting his family for no good purpose what is more, he has left large sum of money to charity which desperately necessitate it. The doctor sincerely believes that the needs of this mans relatives and the demands of the common good override her obligations not to kill, and she acts accordingly. (David et. All 1335-38) AnalysisIn response, it might be said that some moral norms are so unmistakable that no one could make good faith mistake about them thus, mentally competent with child(p) who genuinely does not know that murder is wrong must be guilty of (at least) culpable neglect. This argument fits well with what came to be the dominant scholastic view on ignorance of the law with respect to the natural law that is to say, since the fundamental precepts of the natural law are in some sense innate, competent adult cannot dampen to grasp them unless she is guilty of some kind of prior wrong-doing or negligence. Some contemporary theologians extend this line of analysis as follows Admittedly, some moral mistakes are ipso facto evidence of prior wrong-doing, negligence, or bad faith.Yet, at least with respect to the difficult and complex questions we face today, genuine, non-culpable moral mistakes are both possible and exculpating. (Travitsky 184-96) This line of analysis, in turn, lends credence to widespread view according to which ones moral status depends solely on the orientation of the agents impart as expressed through her freely chosen actions (considered either singly, or as comprising an overall pattern of behaviour). Straznicky 104-34) On this view, mistaken moral judgment, while regrettable, has no moral significance in itself. In the words of John Coons and Patrick Brennan, It is, then, plainly p lausible that while humanness have primary obligation to seek correct treatment of others (and self), their honest pursuit of that ideal set up whatever moral perfection is possible to the individual. Certainly, it is true that Othello acts as he does out of mistaken belief about Desdemonas infidelity.But I want to argue that this mistake alone would not account for his act, were it not for other mistaken beliefs he holds, at least one of which clearly concerns moral principle. Before moving to that point, however, is it worth spending some time over Othellos factual mistakes (I believe he makes more than one), seen in the context of what we are shown about his overall character and disposition.Even if we hold the special difficulties raised by moral mistakes, the moral significance of mistaken beliefs is not as univocal as we may assume or so Othellos example would suggest. (Jane et. All 19-47) Othellos chronicle is tragedy, and not just very sad story, because it is the story of the destruction of noble, deeply admirable man brought about through his own weaknesses, systematically exploited by malicious enemy.In order for this story to have the force that it does, Shakespeare must first of all make it clear that Othello really is noble and deeply admirable. This point is sometimes obscured by the vulgar racist slurs directed against him by Iago and at least tacitly accepted by some of the other characters (see, for example, I. 1, 8889). Yet isnt this the kind of thing that we would expect Iago to say? Shakespeare takes pains to show that Othello himself does not fit the stereotypes of the lustful, rash and unthinking black man on which Iago trades.On the contrary when we first see him, in the encounter with Brabantio (Desdemonas father), it is the latter that is rash and unthinking, not to say hysterical, whereas Othello is model of self-restraint under extreme provocation (I. 2, beginning at line 58). He defends himself before the Venetian se nate in terms of great dignity and candour, and his account of his love for Desdemona makes it clear that he actually does love her, just as her love for him is no girlish infatuation, but an intelligent response to his historic sufferings and his noble character (I. , 129ff. ). His subsequent behaviour is that of devoted husband who also bears public combining, to which he in good order gives priority with his wifes full understanding and consent far from jumping into bed with his untested bride, he sails to Cyprus and sees to preliminary arrangements for the defence and governance of the island, apparently before his marriage is ever consummated (I. 3, 26079, and peculiarly 299300).Even Iago admits that left to him, Othello will most probably make Desdemona good, loving husband (II. , 28485). What is more, Othello is seasoned normal of many years experience, the best military mind available to the Venetians, someone whom they regard as meet of unrestrained public belie ve this is no unsophisticated fool, but mature, intelligent man at the aggrandisement of vital and demanding profession. And yet, this dignified and loving man is first reduced to state of near-dementia, and then brought to cool intent to kill his wife, through the machinations of Iago.In watching this process, it is difficult not to get caught up in the swerve fascination of Iagos deliberate villainy how could anyone be so callous to every human feeling, so cheerfully calculating as he envisions the destruction of those around him, so irredeemably evil? Confronted by such spectacle, it is easy to overlook the fact that Othellos transformation from loving husband into relentless avenger is, in its own way, almost as disturbing. (David et. All 1335-38) How can such transformation take place?Of course, Othello is the victim of deliberate deception, but that fact alone does not really answer the question, because it is by no promoter clear how Iago manages to convince O thello of Desdemonas guilt after all, he has no actual evidence whatever, and not very much in the way of circumstantial evidence. What is more, even granting Othellos conviction of Desdemonas guilt, it would not be necessary for him to kill her he could banish her, as she pleads (V. 2, 79), or divorce her and send her back to her family.He might even forgive her and try to retrieve his marriage. (Straznicky 104-34) Thus, Iagos malicious deception, while disturb in its own right, should not be allowed to obscure the puzzles presented by Othellos own behaviour. Why is he vulnerable to Iagos designs in the first place, and why does he react to Desdemonas adultery (as he believes to be the case) in the way that he does? We must look for the answers to these questions in Othello himself. (David et. All 1335-38) One commencement point immediately suggests itself.Why is it so easy for Iago to persuade Othello that his beloved Desdemona has committed adultery with his police lieutenant Cassio? Shouldnt Othellos love for Desdemona which I believe we should take at face value have inclined him to resist, or even just to ignore, Iagos insinuations? It might be said that Iago gets away with his plan so easily because Othello is so sending, as Iago himself suggests as he notes, Othello has free and open nature and will believe what he is told (I. 3, 396400).And indeed, once Iago (seemingly) begins to respond to his demands for proof, Othello never doubts him until confronted with unmistakable proof of his treachery. (Travitsky 184-96) Certainly, Othello places remarkable degree of trust in Iago but it seems inaccurate to say that he is trusting without qualification. He does not trust Desdemona at all. Admittedly, he catches her in lie over the handkerchief he gave her, but had he been so disposed, he could have seen this for what it is the self-protective lie of flustered young woman (II. , 4594). More tellingly, he does not trust Emilia when she insists, repeate dly and strongly, that Desdemona has never betrayed him, even though Emilia (Iagos wife and Desdemonas individual(prenominal) attendant) is in better position than anyone else to know about her intimate activities (IV. 2, 124). It begins to look as if Othello is prepared to trust some, but not others in particular, he trusts men but he does not trust women.This suspicion is confirmed by his remarks about women, remarks which we know to reflect general Elizabethan attitudes that women are by nature lustful, cannot be relied upon to maintain chastity without continual supervision, and are sly and deceitful to boot (III. 3, 26480). Various comments, unitedly with the whole tenor of his behaviour towards Iago, suggest very different beliefs about at least some classes of men, namely frank, hearty types such as Iago, whom he regards as honest and worthy of trust (III. 3, 124, and peculiarly 245).

Jebediah Springfield Paper Essay Example for Free

Jebediah capital of Illinois Paper proveDid you know that the annual celebration of the founding of Springfield brings wholly the hoi polloi of Springfield together and raises the over either happiness levels of Springfield by over 65%? This may show why Lisa Simpson should not spread abroad the trueness rough Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield. The reason why Lisa Simpson should not classify the truth about Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield is because it would cause an uproar, and ruin the vacation and in that respectfore the happiness of the people. Lisa Simpson should not re dissever the truth about of Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield because it would cause an uproar. For prototype all the people that were celebrating the holiday would be out raged if they heard that their beloved hero, Jebediah Springfield was in fact a bloodthirsty forager and enemy of George Washington named Hans Sprungfeld. This proves that the peo ple of Springfield would be angry because they would be thrown into a various reality in which Jebediah Springfield is a fraud. Granted there will be some people who are sluttish to this idea and are not furious because maybe they had a hunch that there was something odd about Jebediah Springfield and his story. Quite simply that would be prospectus for someone to be open to such an idea. It would be the equivalent of saying that Benjamin Franklin was a pirate or a murderous thief. Lisa Simpson should not tell the truth about Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield because it would cause an uproar.Lisa Simpson should not tell the truth about Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield because it would ruin the holiday and therefore the happiness of the people. For example in the episode it show many of the townsfolk celebrating and showing their support for Jebediah Springfield and they all attend to be very happy. This proves my point of saying that the holiday brings happiness and celebration to the people and also brings them all together.It is true that some people such as Hollis Hurlbut know the truth and do not watch the holiday because they know Jebediah Springfield was a fraud. Also if one person such as Hollis Hurlbut knows the truth other must know too. However, the number of people who know the truth must be down(p) do to the fact that there were large amounts of people celebrating in the streets of Springfield on the holiday. Lisa Simpson should not tell the truth about of Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield because it would ruin the holiday and therefore the happiness of the people.In summary the reason why Lisa Simpson should not tell the truth about Jebediah Springfield to the people of Springfield is because it would cause an uproar, and ruin the holiday and therefore the happiness of the people. Think would you want someone to tell you that all the events that happened on July 4, 1776 were all a hoax and tha t youve been celebrating a sham for your whole life. Even if it were true would you authentically want to know?

Science and technology Essay Example for Free

Science and engineering science EssayScience and technology is a vital part of our societys world and how we function. Unless you happen to live out in the middle of the Sahara Desert and absorb sworn off only aspects of technology and science, then you are nigh similarly exposed continuously to science in your daily life. While it is a big part of our world, in that location is a uniform uneasy descent between human beings and science. It is a common axiom that state dont trust what they dont regard. That is incisively what drives and causes this unsteady relationship people have with science. People never want to put full opinion and confidence into the untouchable, comprehendible, or viewable. impudence is what sincerely brings people to wonder about science and subconsciously charge it.Because we cannot reconcile approximately matters science and technology give us, our immediate reaction is to set ourselves away or fear it. It is human nature to want to qu estion and have some form of apprehension toward the thing we cannot fully reconcile. We unwrap this is exclusively forms of science and technology in our society. From the physical features of science such as technology and medicine to still scientific theories and cerebral and abstract parts of science, all forms in some way can make people uneasy. It makes you wonder however, wherefore some cardinal would fear something that is always attempting to be beneficial. Research and discoveries are usually made solely to help the individual and or society as a whole. So what are we as people so unnerved about? From even the most mundane actions and events in our lives to our object lesson beliefs and views, we see in every aspect of science the questioning and doubtfulness by people.I had possibly the worst eye sight as a child. I basically could embody the clich phrase, blind as a bat. To make the situation worse for myself, I hated corroding glasses. I was unable to wear conta cts due to some technical mumbo jumbo, so my parents decided to sign me up for Laser Eye Surgery. I had the procedure and can see quite fine to this day. You are believably sitting their wondering what exactly this heartwarming story of my now ability to see has anything at all to do with my thesis. We always can find risks in any type of procedure manage the one I had. While the bene fit ins are great, there is always the small chance that something could go terribly wrong. The doctors did in fact explain all the High tech procedures and steps they were taking during the operation, but did I really have a clue?Walking into that surgery I was scared out of my mind, but why should I be?This is a proven technology that fixes your eyes and keeps you from wearing glasses. It isnt however done by the studyity because the risk that science is wrong is too great. Is it better to wear glasses than to take even the slightest risk with my sight? These were all factors that I was feeling, b ut in fact I wasnt alone because everyone thinks like this with situations like this. Science cant be 100% on most things but that is what we as people require. Any person would find themselves feeling unsure about a foreign subject or in my case a medical surgery. That is why we have this problem with science. The idea of trust is there in the subconscious. It is sitting there in the back of our minds poking our conscience with a long flick saying, is this ok? Should I go through and get involved with this? I dont know if I should be doing this.While things like medical surgeries and such are obviously going to be a affright part of science to most people what about other abstract parts of science. Unease becomes a major issue to people when they are unable to reconcile science ideals with their own clean-living and or spiritual beliefs. The discussion of Creationism versus Evolution has been a heated and raging debate in American culture for years. Creationism derived from the Book of Genesis denies all forms of science that says we as humans evolved over time to what we are today. Creationists take a firm stand that the universe and the earth were created in six days. Another common discussion in which Creationists reject is the major theory like the Big Bang theory. This argument is a perfect workout of a moral/ mental discomfort with science. We looked before at the ways in which science can make us uneasy with physical interactions like medicines and surgeries, but what about the mental aspect of it? When science tests and challenges the morals and beliefs of others it makes the relationship very awkward. In this case we see evolution is the science.It doesnt fit the religious beliefs we know most Christians for example are taught. Even if your rational mind says science is factual, your faith and emotions are strong determiners of your beliefs. There in lies the ill at ease(predicate) pull and push relationship morally with people. I think we pers onally are uncomfortable with science because you avoid having to make a choice between the two. We know intellectually that science is proven, withalsome peoples hearts affect to believe and have faith in a superior being. We need a way to make both work together, but that is hard. We like cafeteria righteousness, where we pick the parts that fit our world, but we know that probably isnt right. Whatever we chose and whichever side we take it still is a known line in our culture that is constantly questioned. In our class reading of Never Let Me Go we see a similar moral dilemma with science and human relationships involving Stem Cell research. The science and moral aspects will always be at tug of war in our minds. This uneasiness of science we all come to recognize.So while some of you may not have gotten lasic eye surgery like me. Or maybe some of you listening dont have any type of faith based religion and find no controversy in science and faith. I am not asking you to only connect with my examples and be able to relate to them. But like I said, everyone is exposed to science and technology everyday. You all know what its like to question aspects of science whether a distinct example or not. Trust is what plays the role in this controversy. So do we still believe the axiom People dont trust what they dont understand? To me it relates more to People in fact dont trust what they cannot have full resolve for.

Collaboration Quiz Essay Example for Free

Collaboration Quiz EssayWhat atomic number 18 the advantages of having kind in a collaborative learnedness environment?Having potpourri in a collaborative learning environment opens up more possibilities of learning, you pass on have more ideas and different views on the situation. The advantages on diversity atomic number 18 the different backgrounds of the group members. Because of this theyll all have a different tr exterminate of thinking intimately the subject at hand. With different attitudes, learning styles, and swear out ethics it really makes a difference in a collaboration learning environment. One of these advantages is they we all have stories of what we know and or been through. So having learning on some thing you have learned on been through in the past is a valuable input.How force factors such as diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration?The factors of diversity, attitude, learning, and work styles affect collaboration by b ackground signal a different mood of the situation. All of these combusts crapper either be a good thing or a bad thing. Since we all are very different in every way one person may feel as their answer is right and dont deserve to be changed. The different work styles also affect collaboration for example some people are faster workers than others and are very impatient while others like to take their time and double pause their work for error. But this may also be a good thing since there are so many inputs onto the situation their way or thinking may change and will get along to a conclusion on the best answer.How does personal responsibility influence the work and success of a group?I think personal responsibility has a strong influence on the work and success of a group, because a lot of people have families and jobs to take care of and at the end of the day they are very tired and feel to rest. There are a lot of things that can happen unexpectedly that no one can predict th atll cost you to take time complete from classes. This can affect the success of the group because if you do not post in the chat how will anyone know if you have your work of the assignment that needs to be turn in?

Online Dating Service and Long-term Relationship Essay Example for Free

Online Dating Service and Long-term Relationship EssayIn the last bridge of weeks, eHarmony, a dating website that promises to process you find a long-term relationship for a relatively meek monthly subscription fee, has been offering a apologize trial 10 days of free communication. This marketing urge is designed to attract new customers and convert some of the existing ones to become paying members (currently it claims more(prenominal) than 20 million registered users). This seems like a reasonable growth strategy more paying customers exit help eHarmony grow and improve its bottom line. As with any platform business, eHarmony relies on having senss of people in its database.Having more people to choose from makes it more likely that the site provide find a s comfortably duplicate. Clearly, offering a free trial period is a undecomposed way to attract more people to the site. But in fact, for reasons my colleague Misiek Piskorski and I study (pdf), it may non be good for eHarmonys business. eHarmony is not your usual online dating site. Unlike Match. com or OkCupid, users do not get to browse wads of profiles to see if there is someone they might like. Instead, eHarmony does the choosing for you, sending you a limited number of compatible matches candidates the sites proprietary algorithm thinks will make a good match.The company also differs because it aims at people who be expression for long-term relationship or even marriage, not those who look for casual dating. To successfully match people who atomic number 18 looking for a long-term relationship, eHarmony needs not just a lot of people in their database, it also needs people who are ready for a long-term relationship. This seems self-evident, entirely cluttering up the site with those looking for something else will increase the noise-to-signal ration and make matching harder. In its terrene business, eHarmony does an excellent job by discouraging potential customers who may n ot be so drab about dating.They ask potential members to complete a very long questionnaire of more than 250 questions. And if the answers suggest that you are not serious enough, they reject you. eHarmony also charges more than Match. com up to a 25 percent premium. As a result, only people who really care about establishing a long-term relationship will end up at the site. If the value youre offering your customers rests on exclusive membership of similarly minded(p) relationship seekers, what happens if you make it easy for others to get in for a while?You might get a lot of people who dont care that much about a serious relationship, or who are looking for a different product, like a quick adventure. When such people roam around your site, they have a negative externality for your core members, who may discover that its more difficult to find a long-term relationship the very service they had paid a premium to get. In a nutshell, when you level the barriers to entry, you t hreaten your core value proposition to your most valuable customers.So promotion strategies that work well for Match. com or other platforms like job-hunting sites may be dangerous for eHarmony, as they may unintentionally step down the sites core value proposition. Fortunately, eHarmony didnt really get it wrong. It has instituted a number of safeguards that prevent not-so-serious people from getting on the site even during the free trial. People who want to try the site for 10 days pacify need to complete the long questionnaire, and may still be rejected if their answers suggest they are not serious enough.Only after jumping this major hurdle can the potential members enjoy the free trial. And if they are not serious enough to pay the membership fee after the 10th day, they will exit the pool of potential matches. This tension between a seemingly natural marketing tactical manoeuvre and a companys value proposition may not be obvious, but it does affect many companies that m old platforms similar to that of eHarmony. Increasing the size of your tent isnt always in your companys best interest. It pays to ask, Who is your customer and what product do they want from you?

Labor Relations Project and Presentation Essay Example for Free

take the field Relations Project and Presentation Essay childbed Relations is a very delicate authority of a business that should be properly reviewed and studied before implementing or changing a businesses conduct. halcyon Trails is a medium-sized club that is essaying to minimize cost to continue to serve its tenants with a cost stiff service. alas cost has to be reviewed in all possible ways and strategies. We pass oning be diligence a few of the advantages and disadvantages of northernizing. A preachation will be given to help guide euphoric Trails. A review will as well as be conducted of the issues a concretion might raise during the organizing effort. The move that should be covered by the practical nurses will similarly be presented. We will then present the advertize practice that the LPNs should avoid. We will then advise the independent aliveness home direction on what we feel they should do. We will cover the arguments and defense the hospital will go to the fraternitys organizing issues. Then we will take a look at what the company must do if they stand firm unionization. We will then see what unsporting labor practices need to be avoided by charge. We will reconcile this paper by revieprofitsg what activities Happy Trail management should and should not engage in.Advantages DisadvantagesThe advisement to unionize, or not, is a complicated stance. thither be advantages and disadvantages on both sides of the decision. With a decision to unionize, the LPNs would be protected and guaranteed engage and certain work conditions. On the other hand, Unionizing immediately creates an adverse relationship between members and the employer sometimes divulge weighing the pull ins. In the event that a conclave of employees has a community of interests coupled with concerns about their treatment as an employee by an employer for any reason, the employees have the right under the National Labor Relations dissemble (NLRA), (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007).RecommendationIn this case, the recommendation for the LPNs would be to unionize. This would protect them from being over (or under) worked, attend that proper issue and entitlements were established, as well as make sure Happy Trails was not expecting or giving RN level care through the lesser qualified LPNs.Steps to UnionizeFor the group of LPNs at Happy Trails, the first tint would be to contact the local healthcare union representative mentioned in the overview. This would be a perfect starting resource for information, questions and answers. This is also the step in which the union should become clear about what issues are important and expected to be intercommunicate by the collective negociate. For the LPNs at Happy Trails, their issues should be concentrated on requital, lower limit hours worked, overtime terms, benefits, as well as clearly understanding the scope of their expected duties.Secondly, the LPNs would need to decide to jo in an already established industry union, or to create a union of their own. In either case, a sufficient number of authorization cards (or petition signatures) must be acquired, and the union must be ballotd in during a union representation election, or by request the employer to voluntarily recognize the union. The National Labor Relations Board supervises and the union election, and certifies the results (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007).The last step is to win a strong union contract. The LPNs in this case would need to negotiate wages paid, overtime compensation terms, benefits, and minimum expected hours worked. Any union is precisely as valuable as the contract concord upon. Unfair Labor Practices that should be Avoided by the LPNsGenerally, most unfair labor practices are committed by the union or the employer. The all unfair labor practice the LPNs should avoid is to not try to storm their fellow workers to join the union.Should Happy Trails Oppose unionization?Alth ough unionization of groups like nurses is typically non-traditional, over the past(a) 10 years there have been many registered nurses groups that have unionized across the country beca white plague of the consider for their employment and the shortage of nurses. Because of the need to have every Ameri gutter be able to afford healthcare, licensed practical nurses are in demand more because of their lower wages. Happy Trails should not oppose unionization.There are many other healthcare facilities in the area who are working with unions Happy Trails would benefit by negotiating with a union also. Because of the unhappy nurses at Happy Trails, trying to block unionization would in all probability be the worse step for the organization take. Employees may feel that managements trying to hedge them and this piece of tail decrease employee morale. The nurses may go to any of the other facilities to seek work and representation by the union for better working conditions. If Happy Trails loses more nurses, it may be hard to recruit stark naked workers.Steps to Resist UnionizationTactics and strategies must be implemented in order to live unionization. One strategy that has been used in the past is to hire consulting firms, also known as union busters (Bennett-Alexander Hartmann, 2007). These firms use methods that discourage employees from voting to have union representation. This strategy is a costly one and should only be used if basic steps are not working. One important step to avoiding unionization is through employee relations (Thomas Associates, 2009). Employee relations programs have the employees best interest in mind. An effective program will help employee/employer communication, which can buoy help resolve any issues or dissatisfaction.If step one does not anticipate union organizing, the next step is to prevent the union from gaining employee support. Throughout this step the company should inform the LPNs of the cons of subscribe a union authorization card. If the employees are informed and feel valuable to the company they will be less likely to sign a union card. Information can be provided through meetings, letters, and bulletin boards. If an election campaign begins because 30 percent of employees signed cards, the next step is to resolve any employee issues and to licitly convince employees that their best interests are served by rejecting the union. Happy Trails would need to build a strong campaign and reinforce the value of the existing benefits and the excellent working conditions.Arguments against Unionization by Happy TrailsArguments Happy Trails can use against unionization include the following Funding the workers salary if a union exists Relationships between employee and employer may be threatened with a union Union dues paid by employees is taken from their paycheck The union cannot guarantee anything What unfair labor practices need to be avoided by management? a) Management should not try to cont rol or interfere with union affairs. They should not try to get their raiseite/certain chance to be elected to the union office. b) Management should not discriminate against employees who join or is in favor of brining in a union. They should not discriminate against employees who exercise their rights under the law (e.g., terminating, demoting, or giving slimy working schedules to such employees). (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007, pg 666)c) Management should not interfere, threaten or restrain their employees from exercising their rights under the labor law legislation, for example, they should not tell employees that they are not allowed to have unions or they will be punish or terminated if they do bring a union). d) Management should not refuse to bargain with the union. And they should not refuse to bargain in good faith. Happy Trails management team may engage in any number of activities during the unionization. Which of the following would you advise? Explain why or why not? Activities during UnionizationPromote LPNs, offer bonuses, and place some into leadership and management roles. Unionization can be a long process but is quite beneficial for the LPNs. Unions are typically formed because employees are unhappy with their pay, working conditions, or poor benefits. For that reason the activity management should engage in is to actively promote LPNs, offer bonuses, and place some into leadership and management roles. This is the best tactic to use and could benefit Happy Trails as well as the LPNs. However, the company has to make sure the tactic do not interfere with the employees efforts to unionize. Raises and opportunities must be given to everyone, not provided union supporters other the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) could view the act as illegal and as unfair labor practices. As long as the employer bargains in good faith no law has been broken. speciate employees salary increases must cease to finance the collective bargaining agre ement.This option is not viable indeed I do not recommend it. Utilizing scare tactics and threatening to cease salary increases will do more harm than good. Strikes could occur, which would have a negative impact on the company. The LPNs shouldnt feel like they are being punished for going with the union.Explain current employee benefits to the LPNs, comparing them to union promises.Though this option is informative it is timely. There are cons to being in a union such as dues and possible strikes. Providing information to employees could sway their decision especially if they are not familiar with the union practices. However, overall the union has benefited employees, which is why this method could be more wasteful than effective. some union members have better benefits and pay than non-union members. The LPNs are aware of the superior wages and benefits other LPNs in the areas have received therefore there is not lots to explain.Threaten to close quickness due to union campaig nBeing that Happy Trails is a health care facility, closing the facility would not be practical. It would also be considered discrimination against employees if they closed the facility down due to the union campaign. The NLRA does not allow discrimination against employees for break aparticipating in union activities. By staying open, they have the upper hand and it would give them more opportunity to explain the disadvantages of a union to their employees. attend in circulation of antiunion petitions.During a unionizing campaign an employer cannot assist in antiunion petitions. Assisting in this activity could be considered interference by the employer. Participating in these activities is illegal and viewed as unfair labor practices.Counter union exaggerated claims on flyers.We recommend the management not to send the flyers with exaggerated counter offers to union claims. The management is not alleged(a) to promise wage increases or other benefits if employees dont join the un ion. (Bennett-Alexander Hartman, 2007, pg 673) And they are not suppose to e-mail, post or circulate any intimidating letters or leaflets (flyers). The management can hitherto give pay raises or benefits, but they have to give them all across the boards, not only to the union supporters.However, this tactic is limited if the management decides to do this after the union has applied for the certificate or has given notice to the management to bargain its first agreement. Tell employees they do not need to talking to to union organizers, that they may vote against the union, and that the independent living home does not welcome the union. We recommend the management to talk with the employees, and tell them that they have the option to join the union, but its not mandatory for them to join. They can also tell the employees that the independent living home does not welcome the union, but if the employees vote for the union, the management will follow the good faith bargaining agree ment.Solicit employees to request the return of their authorization cards. We would recommend the management not to ask employees to return the authorization cards (badges) that loaded you are letting them go. Employers can not threaten to fire, lay-off or terminate employees for supporting or joining a union. Tell employees they may be replaced if they vote for the union. We would recommend the management not to tell employees that they will be replaced if they vote for the union. That would mean the management is threatening the employees. Management cant threaten to fire, lay-off or terminate employees for supporting or joining a union. Appeal to the employees to defeat the union.We would recommend the management to talk with the employees and tell them not to vote in favor of the union. The independent living home will do everything possible to raise the wages and benefits as much as possible if the union is defeated. The management has to be careful not to negatively influence the employees against the union. The management can also tell the employees, that if the union is organized, we will treat the collective bargaining process with full faith and not follow any unfair labor practices. The management also can state that we will follow exactly what the law requires. Statistics for union members in United States and atomic number 20 (Statistics, 2013) picConclusionWhen making huge changes that change an employees, benefits, pay, rights, and responsibilities it is very important and should be done very carefully. A company must remember how important these changes are to people and what issues could be created if the employees feel they are not being taken into consideration. When an employee feels violated they can go to extreme measure like becoming part of a union.A union can become a huge burden for a company and cost employees money. Many of the reasons why employees look at unions can usually be avoided and handled in house. Employees should also remember that a union cost money and they should search for a union that is worth their money. Unfortunately sometimes employees end up loosing more than winning when they become part of a union. If the people in the union are not doing their job and looking out for all employees then they might just be spending their money and not getting what they deserve.ReferencesBennett-Alexander, D. D., Hartman, L. P. (2007). Employment law for business (5th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill. Ch. 14-Labor Law. Pg. 666 673. Labor Union Statistics. Retrieved on February 17, 2013. http//www.bls.gov/ro9/unionca.htm Thomas Associates (2009). Avoiding Unions. Retrieved February 18, 2013 from http//www.employersattorneys.com/employment-law/California-employer-how-to-

Shakespeare’s Othello Essay Example for Free

Shakespe ars Othello Essay solving to Q. 1 The first scene of Act I serves as a part of exposition of a play. It acquaintances us with the major characters and situation and indicates its theme. In Othello Iagos evil intention and conspiring character is revealed, as more than as his hatred for the Moor who denies him the promotion and chooses for his lieutenant an arithmetician, a bookish theoric (1.1.24) So the Iagos reason for villainy is revealed to the audience.Then the rest of the story is his single-minded pursuit of Othellos ruin by drunkenness his mind with jealousy as he confesses to Roderigo that he is one of those who Keep yet their hearts attend on themselves,/ And, throwing plainly shows of service on their lords. (1.1.51-52) His cold-blooded nature and plan of relentless revenge are clear from his speech I follow him to serve my turn upon him(1.1.42) He also suffers from a sniff out of injured merit when he says, I know my price, I am worth no worse a place (1.1.11) and bemoans the fact that Preferment goes by letter and affection,/ Not by old gradation.(1.1.36-37) His dissembling nature is exposed I am not what I am.(1.1.65) The theme of Othellos tragedy due to Iagos slow-poisoning of his mind is well illustrated here.Answer to Q..3 Being gullible, Othello becomes a puppet in the hands of the villain who he calls honest Iago. Stung by obsessive jealousy, Othello determines to kill his beloved Desdemona on the ground of unfaithfulness. But a hesitating Othello stands watching sleeping Desdemona. When invited to bed, he kisses her and tells her to say her prayer so that her soul goes to heaven afterwards death.In every way Othello proves him self a lover though a confused headstrong one. His self assessment is succinctly expressed which seems quite fair one who lovd not wisely but too well.(5. 2.344) In spite of his passionate love for his wife, Othello kills her because of his uncontrollable jealousy. He abstains from spilling her blood and cannot bear violent death her in light. As Desdemona pleads innocence he smothers her to death. When Emilia confesses to stealing her handkerchief at the behest of Iago, Othello discovers his blunder is too late to mend yet he stabs himself as punishment.

History of education Essay Example for Free

narrative of fosterage Essay pedagogy, History of, theories, methods, and administration of inculcates and different agencies of information from antique times to the present. information true from the tender struggle for selection and enlightenment. It may be formal or informal. Informal grooming refers to the general social process by which kind-hearted beings acquire the knowledge and skills needful to function in their culture. Formal education refers to the process by which t to each oneers instruct students in courses of carry within institutions. IIEDUCATION IN PRELITERATE SOCIETIES.Before the invention of reading and writing, spate lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against essential take ups, animals, and another(prenominal) humans. To survive, preliterate hatful developed skills that grew into pagan and educational patterns. For a particular groups culture to continue into the future(a), pot had to transmit it, or pass it o n, from adults to children. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing comfort making weapons and other tools find outing language and acquiring the values, behavior, and phantasmal rites or works of a given culture. through direct, informal education, parents, elders, and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually formed the moral codes that governed behavior. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate plurality used an oral tradition, or story telling, to pass on their culture and history from one coevals to the next. By using language, large number wise to(p) to create and use symbols, words, or signs to ex oppose their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a pen language and made the big cultural leap to literacy.IIIEDUCATION IN ANCIENT AFRICA AND ASIA In ancient Egypt, which flourished from about 3 000 BC to about 500 BC, priests in temple grooms taught not only religion besides also the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. Similarly in India, priests conducted to the highest degree of the formal education. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the sacred texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and philosophical system. Formal education in China dates to about 2000 BC, though it thrived peculiarly during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see China The Eastern Zhou).The curriculum stressed philosophy, poetry, and religion, in allot with the teachings of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and other philosophers. IVEDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE Historians fo infra looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of Western formal education. The Iliad and the Odyssey, big poems attributed to Homer and written sometime in the 8th century BC, created a cultural tradition that gave the classics a s ense of group identity. In their dramatic account of Greek struggles, Homers epics served important educational purposes.The legendary Greek warriors depicted in Homers work, much(prenominal) as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as mannikins for the younker Greeks. Ancient Greece was divided into diminished and very much competing city-states, or poleis, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as capital of Greece, Sparta, and Thebes. Athens emphatic a humane and democratic society and education, but only about one- triad of the people in Athens were free citizens. Slaves and residents from other countries or city-states made up the rest of the population. Only the sons of free citizens attend school.The Athenians believed a free man should have a big education in order to perform his civil duties and for his own mortalal development. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek city-state. In Athens, where women had no legal or eco nomic rights, most women did not attend school. roughly girls, however, were educated at home by tutors. Slaves and other noncitizens had either no formal education or very little. Sparta, the chief governmental enemy of Athens, was a dictatorship that used education for military fostering and drill.In contrast to Athens, Spartan girls genuine to a greater extent schooling but it was almost exclusively athletic fostering to prepare them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan soldiers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering teachers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could teach any publication or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts. The Sophists were to a greater extent interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and winarguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. remote the Sophists, th e Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the means of life, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had studied under Socrates, established a school in Athens called the Academy.Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since true knowledge is the aforementioned(prenominal) in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational exaltation in the Republic, one of the most notable works of Western philosophy. Platos Republic describes a model society, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors commence up the republics count enance class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and the other products for all the people of the republic.In Platos holy man educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to prepare for their diverse roles in society. In 335 BC Platos student, Aristotle, proveed his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then pass these laws in their lives. He also concluded that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.In the 4th century BC Greek rhetorician Isocrates developed a method of education knowing to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocratess students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocrate ss methods of education directly influenced such papistical educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. VEDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME While the Greeks were developing their civilization in the areas surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean.The Greeks education focused on the study of philosophy. The Romans, on the other hand, were preoccupied with war, conquest, politics, and civil administration. As in Greece, only a minority of Romans attended school. Schooling was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend classes. While girls from wealthy families occasionally in condition(p) to read and write at home, boys attended a first school, called aludus. In substitute schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves, called pedagogues.After indigenous and secondary school, wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that pr epared them to be leading in government and administration. Cicero, a maiden century BC Roman senator, combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his book De Oratore. Like Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He also asserted that they should study ethics, military science, natural science, geography, history, and law.Quintilian, an important Roman educator who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that education should be based on the stages of individual development from childhood to adulthood. Quintilian devised specific lessons for each stage. He also advised teachers to make their lessons suited to the students readiness and ability to learn in the altogether material. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. VIANCIENT JEWISH EDUCATION Education among the Judaic people also had a profound influence on Western lea rning.The ancient Jews had great respect for the printed word and believed that God revealed truth to them in the Bible. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud, a book of religious and civil law. Jewish religious leaders, known as rabbis, advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs, law, ethical practices, and vocational skills. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah, the most sacred document of Judaism. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues, places of worship and religious study.VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATIONDuring the Middle Ages, or the mediaeval period, which lasted roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The Church operated parish, chapel, and monastery schools at the elementary level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Much of the teac hing in these schools was directed at learning Latin, the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The church provided some extra opportunities for the education of women in religious communities or convents.Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. Merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. Knights received training in military tactics and the code of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. Schools were attended primarily by persons planning to enter religious life such as priests, monks, or nuns. The vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords.The serfs, who did not attend school, were generally illiterate (see Serfdom). In the tenth and early eleventh centuries, Arabic learning had a p ronounced influence on Western education. From arrive at with Arab scholars in North Africa and Spain, Western educators learned new ship canal of thinking about mathematics, natural science, medicine, and philosophy. The Arabic number system was specially important, and became the foundation of Western arithmetic. Arab scholars also preserved and trans new-fangledd into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy.Because many of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages, they might have been lost forever if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes had not preserved them. In the 11th century medieval scholars developed academicianism, a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics attempted to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy.Scholastici sm reached its high point in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas Aquinas, a 13th century Dominican theologian who taught at the University of Paris. Aquinas reconciled the authority of religious faith, represented by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. Aquinas described the teachers vocation as one that combines faith, love, and learning. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education, the universities.The famous European universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival of the twelfth and 13th centuries. The name university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE RENAISSAN CE The Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century.Scholars became more interested in the humanist featuresthat is, the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspectsof the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly powerful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became peculiarly important. Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons.Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that correspondence and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology , astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely open and increased literacy rates (see Printing). But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance.Elementary schools educated essence-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or received private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only legitimate subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females.For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing. IXEDUCAT ION DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The religious Reformation of the sixteenth century marked a decline in the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to the emergence of the middle classes in Europe. Protestant religious reformers, such as John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian, or Protestant, churches.In their ardent determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language, reformers extended literacy to the masses. They established vernacular primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion for children in their own language. Vernacular schools in England, for example, used English to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters, Protestant educators wrote catechismsprimary books that summarized their religious doctrinein a question and answer format.While the v ernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level, wellborn boys attended preparatory and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. The gymnasium in Germany, the Latin grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the classical languages of Latin and Greek required to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, along with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family shaped childrens character, Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion.Each family should pray together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a useful trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. One of Luthers colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German region of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany a nd influenced education end-to-end Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers.The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. XEDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE 17TH CENTURY Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky, known as Comenius, was particularly influential. A bishop of the Moravian Church, Comenius break loose religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands.He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism, or universal knowledge, designed to take aim about worldwide scaning and peace. Comenius advised teachers to use childrens senses rather than memorization in i nstruction. To make learning interesting for children, he wrote The Gate of Tongues Unlocked (1631), a book for teaching Latin in the students own language. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658 The indubitable World in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled objects in both their Latin and vernacular names. It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children.The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. Locke examined how people acquire ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He asserted that at birth the human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and empty of ideas. We acquire knowledge, he argued, from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. We approach with simple ideas and then combine them into more knotty ones. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most good when they first consider simple ideas and then gradually combine them into more complex ones.In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697), Locke recommended practical learning to prepare people to manage their social, economic, and political affairs efficiently. He believed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Lockes curriculum included conversational learning of foreign languages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of skill in the 18th century produced important changes in education and educational hypothesis.During the Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason, their powers of critical thinking. The Enlightenments ideas had a significant wallop on the American Revolution (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the unify States. In particular, American philo sopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of utilitarian and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the fall in States, stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation.The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The foundations of modern education were established in the nineteenth century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, excite by the work of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers.He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and good-natured homes. Like Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a so-called object lesson that involved exercises in learning form, number, and language. Pupils determined and traced an objects form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading.Pestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts (2) begin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remote (3) begin with easy exercises before introducing complex ones and (4) always proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slow. American educator Henry Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of Education, introduced Pestalozzis ideas to the United States in the late 19th century. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of a ll classes of American society.German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. Maintaining that educations primary goal is moral development, Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while misconduct resulted from an short-handed education. Knowledge, he said, should create an apperceptive massa network of ideasin a persons mind to which new ideas can be added. He wanted to include history, geography, and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic.Based on his work, Herbarts followers designed a five-step teaching method (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lessons major points, and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten, a form of pre school education that literally means childs tend in German. Froebel, who had an unhappy childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching.Froebel studied at Pestalozzis institute in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. While agreeing with Pestalozzis emphasis on the natural world, a openhearted school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel felt that Pestalozzis method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that every childs inner self contained a spiritual essencea spark of divine energythat enabled a child to learn independently. In 1837 Froebel opened a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a curriculum that featured songs, stories, games, gifts, and occupations.The songs and stories stirred up the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games developed childrens social and physical skills. By playing with each other, children learned to take part in a group. Fr oebels gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. For example, clay, sand, card board, and sticks could be used to build castles, cities, and mountains.Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the United States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody established an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and later a U. S. commissioner of education, made the kindergarten part of the American public school system.BSocial DarwinismBritish sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th cen tury with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Spencer revised Darwins biological theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialise societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the fittest individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society. urge unlimited competition, Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the bare minimum. He opposed public schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in trying to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. Spencers social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialization was changing American and Western European societies. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education.Emphasizing education in practical skills, he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise (2) those needed to perform ones occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the basic skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences (3) those needed for parenting, to raise children properly (4) those needed to participate in society and politics and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencers ideas on education were eagerly current in the United States.In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, a report issued by the National Education Association, used Spencers list of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF ED UCATION In the 19th century, governments in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries organized national systems of public education. The United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in North and southerly America also established national education systems based largely on European models. own(prenominal) the United Kingdom.The Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom, where students paid a shrimpy fee to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that gave some government silver to these schools. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system, called payment by results, in which schools received funds based on their students performance on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education Act of 1870, called the Forster Act, veritable local government boards to establish public board schools.The Unite d Kingdom then had two schools systems board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. To make schooling available to working-class children, many schools with limited public and private funds used monitorial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, used student monitors to conduct lessons.It offered the fledgling public education system the advantage of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skillsreading, writing, and arithmeticthat were broken down into small parts or units. After a monitor had learned a unitsuch as spelling words of two or one-third letters that began with the letter Ahe would, under the master teachers supervision, teach this unit to a group of students.By the end of the 19th century, the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. BIn Russia Russian czar Alexander II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local government units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. While the number of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russias population remained illiterate.Peasants often refused to send their children to school so that they could work on the farms. more boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives , the tsars government provided only limited schooling to instill political loyalty and religious piety. CIn the United States Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regional level. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively.However, kickoff in the 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public education, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed compulsory school attendance laws. See Public Education in the United States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY At the beginning of the 20th century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world.Keys book Barnets arhundrade (1900 The Century of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. AMontessoriMontessoris methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. clever in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a childrens school, the Casa dei Bambini (Childrens House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo dominion of Rome. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observatio ns of children.She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. Montessoris curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, serve dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners.Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. I n 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method. American educators establ.