Descriptions of Nine Roman Military Leaders

Agrippa: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (56-12 B.C.) Agrippa was a renowned Roman general and close friend of Octavian (Augustus). Agrippa was consul first in 37 B.C. He was also governor of Syria.As general, Agrippa defeated the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Upon his victory, Augustus awarded his niece Marcella to Agrippa for a wife. Then, in 21 B.C., Augustus married his own daughter Julia to Agrippa. By Julia, Agrippa had a daughter, Agrippina, and three sons, Gaius and Lucius Caesar and Agrippa Postumus (so named because Agrippa was dead by the time he was born). Ancient Roman NamesTable of the Consuls of Rome Brutus: Lucius Junius Brutus (6th C. B.C.) According to legend, Brutus led the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus, an Etruscan king of Rome, and proclaimed Rome a Republic in 509 B.C. Brutus is listed as one of the first two consuls of Republican Rome. He is not to be confused with Marcus Brutus, the first century B.C. statesman made famous by the Shakespearean line et tu Brute. There are other legends about Brutus including his having his own sons executed. Wars of the Roman Republic Camillus: Marcus Furius Camillus (fl. c. 396 B.C.) Marcus Furius Camillus led the Romans into battle when they defeated the Veientians, but was soon afterward sent into exile because of how he distributed the spoils. Camillus was later recalled to act as dictator and led the Romans (successfully) against the invading Gauls following the defeat at the Battle of the Allia. Tradition says Camillus, arriving at the time the Romans were weighing out their ransom for Brennus, defeated the Gauls. Veientine WarsBattle of the Allia Cincinnatus: Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (fl. 458 B.C.) Another of the military leaders known mostly through legend, Cincinnatus was plowing his field, when he learned he had been appointed dictator. The Romans had appointed Cincinnatus dictator for six months so he could defend the Romans against the neighboring Aequi who had surrounded the Roman army and the consul Minucius in the Alban Hills. Cincinnatus rose to the occasion, defeated the Aequi, made them pass under the yoke to show their subjugation, gave up the title of dictator sixteen days after it had been granted, and promptly returned to his farm. Expansion of Rome in Italy Horatius: (late 6th C. B.C.) Horatius was a legendary heroic leader of the Roman forces against the Etruscans. He deliberately stood alone against the Etruscans on a bridge while the Romans were destroying the bridge from their side to keep the Etruscans from using it to get across the Tiber. In the end, when the bridge was destroyed, Horatius jumped into the river and swam armed to safety. Bridges Over the Tiber Marius: Gaius Marius (155-86 B.C.) Neither from the city of Rome, nor a pedigreed patrician, Arpinum-born Gaius Marius still managed to be consul 7 times, marry into the family of Julius Caesar, and reform the army.When serving as a legate in Africa, Marius so ingratiated himself with the troops they wrote to Rome to recommend Marius as consul, claiming he would quickly end the conflict with Jugurtha.When Marius needed more troops to defeat Jugurtha, he instituted new policies that changed the complexion of the army. Marius Scipio Africanus: Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major (235-183 B.C.) Scipio Africanus is the Roman commander who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in the Second Punic War using tactics hed learned from the Carthaginian military leader. Since Scipios victory was in Africa, following his triumph he was allowed to take the agnomen Africanus. He later received the name Asiaticus when serving under his brother Lucius Cornelius Scipio against Antiochus III of Syria in the Seleucid War. Second Punic WarScipio Africanus Stilicho: Flavius Stilicho (died A.D. 408) A Vandal, Stilicho was a great military leader during the reigns of Theodosius I and Honorius. Theodosius made Stilicho magister equitum and then made him supreme commander of the western armies. Although Stilicho accomplished much in the fight against Goths and other invaders, Stilicho was eventually beheaded and other members of his family were also killed. Sulla: Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) Sulla was a Roman general who vied successfully with Marius for leadership of the command against Mithridates VI of Pontus. In the following civil war Sulla defeated the followers of Marius, had the soldiers of Marius killed, and had himself declared dictator for life in 82 B.C. He had proscription lists drawn up. After he had made the changes he thought necessary to the government of Rome -- to bring it back in line with the old values -- Sulla stepped down in 79 B.C. and died a year later.

Evaluation Of Animal Farm By George Orwell - 1101 Words

Animal Farm by George Orwell The book Animal Farm by George Orwell was first published in 1945, and the context when it was written plays a huge role in shaping it. It was after the Russian Revolution in which we see Joseph Stalin became the new leader of the Soviet Union. Stalin’s idea and leadership clearly doesn’t impress George Orwell, as this book shows the dark side of Stalin’s system through a group of fictional characters, the animals. Not only that, the book was also able to foresee the situation every government in the world is facing: the lethal side of power. The plot of the book is pretty straightforward; it resembles the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of that event a lot. Starting with a barn called Manor Farm where†¦show more content†¦At the meeting about the project, Snowball has a great and passionate speech about his vision, but when it’s Napoleon’s turn to speak, he signals nine attack dogs to chase Snowball off the farm. He then declares his leadership and declares that the pigs will make all the decisions, no more meeting required. He also uses Snowball as a scapegoat for everything bad that happens to them. As time goes on, Napoleon and the pigs behave more and more like humans: they move into Mr. Jones’ house and live in prosperity while the other animals have less and less food. As more of the Seven Commandments are broken by the pigs, the commandments are slightly changed so the pigs technically don’t break any of them. As the years pass, Napoleon purchases more land from a neighbor ing farmer, Mr. Pilkington. Life for all animals is harsh, except for the pigs. Eventually, the pigs start walking on two legs and behave like a human. The Seven Commandments are later reduced to a single law: All Animals Are Equal / But Some Are More Equal Than Others. As we connect the book to Russia in the post-Russian Revolution era, we find the resemblance between the fictional and historical character. The boar Old Major is the representation of the Marx-Lenin idea of a better life after the suffering they’ve had under Mr. Jones, who represents Tsar Nicholas II (the last Tsar of Russia). Napoleon is the â€Å"necessary† leader toShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Fa rm1496 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction In a perfect world, everybody is equal. People s race, gender, culture, intelligence wouldn’t matter everyone would be the same. Sadly this is not a perfect world and in George Orwell s novel Animal Farm he explores the reason total equality is nearly impossible to obtain. George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair on June 21, 1903 in Motihari, India to a British civil servant. He started to write at a young age publishing his first poem in a newspaper at the age of eleven. InRead MoreReview Of George Orwell s The Road 1923 Words   |  8 PagesReview on George Orwell – The Road to Wigan Pier Course – BA Hons (With foundation) Community studies. Health, youth, and community Module – Reading Modern Society Tutor – Wendy Bateman Student ID – 1608296 Submission Date – Tuesday 6th December 2016 Describe and illustrate an informed opinion based on research and analysis of evidence Analyse information, experiences, and article reasoned arguments through reflection, review and evaluation. Demonstrate an introductoryRead MoreCritical Analysis and Evaluation of 1984, by George Orwell.1487 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell 1984 The New American Library Copyright 1961 George Orwell George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Blair, was born in Bengal, India, in 1903. When he was eight years old, as it was customary, his mother brought him back to England to be educated. He was sent to a boarding school on the south coast, a school whose students were sons of the upper class. He was allowed in with lower tuition and not being from a wealthy background, he was subject to snobbery of the others at the schoolRead More Shooting An Elephant Essay1374 Words   |  6 Pages The story that my evaluation will be based on is Shooting an Elephant written in 1936. The author George Orwell was born in 1903 in India to a British officer raised in England. He attended Eton College, which introduced him to England’s middle and upper classes. He was denied a scholarship, which led him to become a police officer for the Indian Imperial in 1922. He served in Burma until resigning in 1927 due to the lack of respect for the justice of British Imperialism in Burma and India. HeRead MoreCritical Review of Animal Farm2575 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Animal Farm† Bibliography: Orwell, George. â€Å"Animal Farm.† New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 1989 Introduction and Summary: Animal farm is an animal fable with a deliberate purpose. It is very realistic about society and its politics.  There are a number of conflicts in Animal Farm: the animals versus Mr. Jones, Snowball versus Napoleon, the common animals versus the pigs, Animal Farm versus the neighbouring humans, but all of them are expressions of the underlying tension between the oppressorsRead MoreThe Purpose of a Justice System1828 Words   |  8 Pagesoppression of the individuals. For example, in George Orwell’s classic novel Animal Farm, the act of rebellion that can diminish growth and maturity when individuals seek justice is evident through Mr. Jones, Napoleon, Snowball, Squealer, and Mollie. Mr. Jones owns Manor Farm and is a hard master to his animals. Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer are three pigs that live on Manor Farm. Mollie is a foolish white mare, who enjoys the attention of other animals. In a similar fashion, in Guy Vanderhaeghe’sRead MoreGrammar: Figures of Speec h5410 Words   |  22 Pagesliteral meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. Ex. â€Å"Animal Farm† George Orwell Alliteration - The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in â€Å"she sells sea shells). 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Functions Of A Discourse Community Essay Example For Students

Functions Of A Discourse Community Essay Discourse communities are all around us, which can include a sports team, academics, and many others. However today I am focusing on a discourse community that relates to my major, criminal justice. In order for me to understand swales six characteristics I interviewed a homicide detective relating to criminal justice. A discourse community is a group of people involved in and communicating about a particular topic, issue, or in a particular field. A discourse community is defined by six characteristics. The six defining characteristics of a discourse community require a set of common goals, there must also be mechanisms of communications within the community as well as feedback among members. Genre, the fourth characteristic, describing the various methods of output. The last two are terminology, and expertise. In order to really understand that criminal justice is a discourse community, I had to do research, and interview an expert in the field. To be a part of a discourse community, one must be credible, possess factual knowledge and draw on the values of its members to be accepted into the community. At the same time a person must learn typical ways people in that community communicate and argue. They share a certain genre which is a type of writing. Members of discourse communities provide information and feedback that are imperative in order for that discourse community to grow. My interviewee, Carol Mims, is a child homicide detective. She is an alumni here at†¦

Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay Example

Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day Essay The first of the two poems, Wordsworths Daffodils is about a man remembering that some daffodils cheered him up one day. The poem starts off with the person being described as a cloud and how he slowly joins a host of golden daffodils. But the reader does not know at first that this poem is actually a memory until further down in the poem. Throughout the poem Wordsworth refers back to the daffodils and makes a connection with other things like them such as stars. Wordsworth also depicts how the daffodils dance. In the last verse the reader finally finds out that the poem is a recollection. Whilst the second of the two poems, Miracle on St. Davids Day written by Gillian Clarke is about a mentally ill patient reciting Wordsworths Daffodils in front of a crowd of other patients and daffodils. From the title Miracle on St. Davids Day it is revealed to the reader what this poem is about. It is obvious that a miracle is the main point of the poem, meaning something holy yet unexpected. The poem starts off in a very positive setting among the cedars and enormous oaks but by the second verse the reader finds out that Clarke is, in reality, describing an Insane Asylum. We will write a custom essay sample on Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Daffodils and Clarkes Miracle on St. Davids Day specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The poet describes herself reading poetry to the insane as she does a huge and mild man recites Wordsworths Daffodils with no emotion the memory of the poem is perfect but the sound isnt because he hadnt spoken in a long time. He recites the poem in front of the other patients and ten thousand daffodils outside. Both these poems have the theme of memory and daffodils but each are represented in a different way. In the first line of Daffodils Wordsworth describes himself as a cloud, wandering lonely. The verb and adverb tell us that the cloud isnt moving very fast and that the cloud is a distance from everything else. This is also personification because the cloud could also be a person outcast by society, for example Wordsworth could be trying to describe his own experience. In the second line of the verse the poet uses another slow verb floats. Half way through the verse there is a change of pace all at once and the reader then sees the crowd of daffodils. Additionally the poet using two adjectives to describe the numbers of daffodils host and crowd showing that there must have been at least one hundred. This could also mean that the person being described as a cloud being accepted back into society. Wordsworth describes the daffodils as golden with illustrates the radiant colour and wealth of the memory. In the last line of the first verse Wordsworth uses personification to give the daffodils human characteristics when he uses the verbs Fluttering and dancing which are also metaphors. The verb dancing also gives the sense that the daffodils were dancing all together in rhythm. In the first verse and throughout the poem the poet uses rhyming couplets at the end of each line. Wordsworth also uses the rhyme scheme of ABABCC in each verse. Wordsworth in the second verse talks about stars and how many there were and makes a connection between them and the daffodils. The poet describes the stars, as continuous showing the reader that there are countless numbers of them. In the second line the writer uses the adjective and verb twinkle to describe the stars; there is also a connection between twinkle and golden because stars are also golden. The poet carries on to say, they stretched in a never-ending line which supports the other quotes. Most of the second verse goes on about how many stars there actually are. In the fourth line the poet says Ten thousand saw I at a glance which shows he wasnt paying attention to how many there were it also gives us the impression that the stars saw him. Wordsworth makes another connection between the daffodils and the stars because they both dance. He uses the verb tossing and the adverb sprightly to describe the way they danced. Wordsworth connects the daffodils and the stars by telling us that they both danced. Wordsworth, throughout the poem, has repeated the dancing, the daffodils and the fact that in every verse there is a mentioning of water, in the first verse it was lake in the second bay and finally in the third waves. And again in the first line of the third verse the poet repeats the fact that he saw something dance. He says the waves beside them danced, but . The mood then changes with the use of the word but, because it makes the reader expect something. After all the describing of the magical and romantic atmosphere, the reader feels pessimistic that something is going to change the whole mood of the poem. The reader then discovers that nothing terrible happens but the but was only to shame the waves, as the daffodils were more effective out-did the sparkling waves in glee. This means that the daffodils were better than waves. The atmosphere is now light and fantastic again, glee meaning merriment and cheerfulness. There is a colon in the middle of verse three indicating a pause, which continues with Wordsworth commenting on his feelings and actions. I gazed- and gazed- but little thought. The dashes slow the line down by breaking it up gradually. By doing this Wordsworth indicates the end of the description of the daffodils. There is also a metaphor in this verse, what wealth to me the show had brought. The wealth in this verse is a metaphor describing the memory, experience and emotion of seeing the daffodils. The last verse indicates that the poem was a memory or flashback. The reader knows this from the first line of the verse, For oft, when on my couch I lie. The reader knows that the memory is frequently visited because oft means often. The next line creates an empty mood, far away, drifting and dreaming. The mood and atmosphere is quite strongly put forward to the reader with vacant or in pensive mood. This means absent and dreaming, inattentive and expressionless but with a thoughtful frame of mind. Verse four has a special meaning. It is a time in Wordsworths life when he is having a look back at his experiences, which is so emotionally overwhelming to him that it has created an extremely long lasting impression in his mind. Wordsworth sums up his feelings from the experience in the last verse they flash upon that inward eye; here he is saying that the vision of the crowd of daffodils is stuck in his imagination for the rest of his life. This brings great happiness to him, which is the bliss of solitude. By using the word bliss, Wordsworth expresses his emotion of complete happiness. Solitude, meaning being alone completely with no-one near you at all, tells the reader that this experience was very personal to him and special, and only he will ever know the wonder of it even if he describes is as best as he can to others and then my heart with pleasure fills. This is a personification as there is an image of a jug being filled to the brim with pure joy. Also there is another personification in the last verse, and dances with the daffodils. It is a further personification of a lively person who dances. In this last line Wordsworth is saying that his heart is dancing with the daffodils. Daffodils do not dance, but to Wordsworth they give off life, joy and radiant beauty. The last three lines of verse four create a pure and lovely mood. In The Daffodils Wordsworth is trying to teach the reader to appreciate the beauty of nature and to understand the importance of memory. I also think that he is trying to teach the reader about how the effect of just one experience in your life can be so strong and powerful that it can be remembered as vividly as it was the day of the experience many years later. Miracle on St Davids day starts off very positively in the first verse. With the use of slow verbs the atmosphere becomes very relaxed An afternoon yellow and open-mouthed. Clarke uses the sun to describe the rest of the setting The sun treads the path. Clarke uses very descriptive adjectives to describe the setting and the trees such as the enormous oaks. But in the fourth line there is a cast of doubt to this happy place when it says, It might be as well as a warning it also adds mystery to the poem. In the last but one line of the first verse we finally find out that it is a country house with guests strolling, this sounds like the perfect fantasy for most people. But in the second verse the perfect image is shattered I am reading poetry to the insane this is a shock for the reader because it was totally unexpected. It is a very bold statement to put in to a poem. The reader finds out that the perfect country house is actually an insane asylum or a hospital. From being very positive, Miracle on St Davids day has turned into a very negative poem. The verse carries on to describe the audience sitting down listening to the poem, A beautiful chestnut -haired boy although these people are mentally ill Clarke still tries to describe them as if they were normal people. Another shock is that the child she described so perfectly was actually, a schizophrenic on a good day. Gillian Clarke describes the hospital further by saying In a cage of first March sun this statement gives you the image of a prison not a hospital. But the bars of the cage are actually only the blinds on the window but it still gives you the idea that the patients are trapped inside the hospital. The poet then describes a woman not listening, not seeing, not feeling Clarke uses the techniques of tripling and repetition of the word not to describe the womans mental state. Gillian Clarke further explains that the woman was absent meaning that she wasnt really listening just sitting there. Gillian Clarke at the end of the third verse mentions, A big mild man is tenderly led to his chair. We have know idea what is wrong with him; all we know is that he is a big, mild man this shrouds the patient in mystery because we dont know what he is going to do or say. But immediately after the man has been led to his chair Clarke reveals to us he has never spoken whilst being a patient at the hospital. Although the man seems a tough guy the reader finds out that he actually isnt he rocks gently to the rhythms of the poems. Gillian Clarke depicts herself reading to their absences, presences she uses rhyme contrast to describe the patients she is reading to. In the last line she once more describes the silence man as she did in the previous verse big, dumb labouring man as he rocks. The verb and adjective labouring portrays an image of a strong but unintelligent man. To start off the fifth verse Clarke uses the technique of sibilance, tripling and alliteration to describe the mans movements suddenly standing, silently. These three words put together are called sibilants. The man had never really been noticed before until now. Although the man hasnt done anything Gillian Clarke is still afraid of him, she says huge and mild, but I feel afraid. The poet uses similes to describe the man breaking through his silence, like slow movement of spring water. In the last line of verse five the man starts to recite The Daffodils. Clarke describes the nurses are frozen silenced and shocked by the miracle before them that the man can actually speak. Clarke describes him as hoarse but word perfect this reinforces the fact that he hadnt spoken in a long time. As he recites the poem outside we find out that there are daffodils as still as wax which is another simile. The daffodils are also shocked by the man speaking because they are frozen as well. They are also his audience. Clarke describes the numbers of daffodils and how their syllables are unspoken. In the last but one verse we find out how the man knew the poem. 40 years ago in a valleys school although it is a short poem he still remembered it after 40 years. After starting to speak again h had remembered there was a music of speech but he did use to speak and that he once had something to say. At the end of the mans poem before the applause, we observe the flowers silence. A thrush sings and the daffodils are flame. Gillian Clarke portrays a vivid and colourful image of the daffodils. She describes them as flame but the reader knows that they are actually clapping. These two poems the Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke are both very similar in style, content and ideas both have some mentioning of daffodils. And both have the theme of memory except theyre represented in a different way. These two poems talk about the importance of memory to a person; in Wordsworth case a man remembering a great day he had with some daffodils and in Clarke case a mental patient remembering the poem The Daffodils after 40 years without speaking. Both these poems have a lot in common with each other. But they are also connected by their style of writing.

Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World (Sample)

Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World (Sample) Essay on Morality and Ethics in Corporate World In the corporate world, there is a large group of people who are hired to perform their skills and responsibilities as employees and investors. There are rules and policies that are indicated from the contract that has been drafted and applied by the corporate world in order to ensure that the quality of ethical responsibilities is followed. Discipline is important in the corporate world because it values the trust and the dignity of every employee to ensure that their services and product campaign are essential to value the cooperation of the target markets. In this case, it enhances the credibility of each employee to essential render their service efficiently and accurately to prevent any conflicting interests that might challenge the productivity of the corporate world. The principle of morality in the corporate world is valued by the influence of a firm leadership application; it is valued by managers and a head of a company. The reason behind is that leaders have the authority to apply their styles towards their employees to prevent any risks or hazards caused by ineffective skill management to a certain function or operation. During training, moral values are always insinuated by the training officers of the company because every employee should be responsible with their actions when rendering their service to the operating institution. As a result, the influence of an effective management procedure enhances the credibility of the institution to improve its values and trust with their target markets to establish an efficient way of promoting their professionalism. In the corporate world, the value of personal and professional ethics plays an important role to promote the essentials of morality towards other stakeholders. A productive corporate world is sustained by an effective and aggressive leader by leading change to the stakeholders to move in an upward trend, indicating an improvement with the assets and investments of the company. It is a strategic campaign to bolster the fundamentals of the company’s marketing values and interest. The result of having an effective leadership moves the company forward by means of generating an increased revenue status that improves credibility in the corporate world. This means that having an effective leadership generates a positive change within the corporate structure of the company. Respecting the house rules as well as the provisions provided by either national or international regulating agencies engages in a harmonious corporate structure to protect and safeguard that interest of the public. The ethical consideration of the corporate world is adapting to diversity applicable towards employees and consumers. In the corporate world, basic human rights are always waived to all stakeholders because it values the integrity of every human being while transacting and rendering the services of the institution. This involves respecting the race, the gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, social class, educational attainment, and age. In this case, the corporate world values the integrity of every individual by means of preventing actions against racism, hate speech, and discrimination of any actions made by its employees or a company. Respecting the rights of anyone is a major goal of the corporate world to sustain and implement its morality and ethical values. At the end of the day, a company influences the interest as well as productivity by means of engaging in a humane way of operating the company to both local and international markets (Churchland, 2011). Reference Churchland, Patricia Smith (2011).  Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us About Morality. Princeton University Press. pp.  7–9.  ISBN  978-0-691-13703-2.

The Arrangement of the Genes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Arrangement of the Genes - Essay Example The only thing keeping us safe from them is our immune system. Our innate immune system (e.g. skin, mucous membranes, sneezing, blinking, excretion of waste, etc.) is the first responder and is responsible for most of the pathogens we encounter everyday. For the uncommon pathogens, we rely on our adaptive immune system to quickly develop and combat new and rare pathogens that the innate immune system cannot handle. That aside, it also changes itself to be prepared for a repeated attack by the same organism. It is amazing to think about how many harmful organisms are repelled again and again by this system that continuously changes to keep us safe. Some of the key players in our adaptive immune system are our T cell antigen receptors (TCR). They are ‘highly variable antigen-recognition structures’1 whose job is to recognize antigens and activate the appropriate lymphocytes to combat them. Since the TCRs are antigen-MHC compound specific and insoluble at the same time, iso lating them was very difficult until scientists started using clonotypic monoclonal antibodies.2 With this method, they were able to determine that the TCRs were heterodimers of 2 sets of chain genes: the ?:? and the ?:? chains. The two have similar structures, but they detect different antigens. The ?:? is the most common (90-99%) while the ?:? is the minority (1-10%). 3 The former detects antigens presented with Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) while the latter doesn’t need MHC to detect certain antigens. The genetic structure of the TCR is similar to that of the immunoglobulins (Ig) in B cells. It is composed of Variable (V) and Constant (C) regions. The variable region contains Variable (V), Joining (J) and Diversity (D) segments depending on whether the chain is a light or heavy immunoglobulin (or an ? or ?, or a ? or ? chain for a TCR). In heavy immunoglobulin chains, VDJ gene segments join together randomly, while in the light chains (Lambda and Kappa), they only have V and J segments to join. Combinatorial association in B cells further increases variability by giving the ability to create ‘any one possible heavy chain and any one possible light chain’ in all individual B cells.4 Because of the large number of possible gene rearrangements, the structure of Ig or TCR genes is virtually unique for each B or T lymphocy te.5 Figure 1 T-cell receptor ?- and ?-chain gene rearrangement and expression6 Since T cells also have antigen receptors like the immunoglobulin, they also have a similar process of gene rearrangement and expression. In Figure 1, we can see an ?- and ?-chain rearranging and coming together to form a TCR. The ?-chain gene rearrangement is similar to the light chain because they do not have a D? to combine. The ?-chain is also similar to the heavy chain because it combines V?, D? and J? gene segments. The less common ?- and ?-chains are structurally similar to the TCR?- and ?-chains, but with a few changes. The ? chain is found inside the TCR? chain, between the V? and the J? gene segments. This arrangement causes a loss of ? chain whenever the TCR?-chain rearranges, since any segments in between V? and J? will be deleted. The ?-chain is similar to the TCR?-chain in that it has V, D, and J segments. The ?:? receptors are largely a mystery to scientists as of the moment.7 One of the f ew things determined to be true is the fact that they can detect non-classical major histocompatibility complex class I molecules T10 and T22.8 Combinatorial association further increases the variability, making it possible to have a unique genetic arrangement for every T cell receptor. Figure 2 The numbers of human T-cell receptor gene segments and the sources of T-cell

Spiritual and religious traditions of our ancestors Essay

Spiritual and religious traditions of our ancestors - Essay Example After awhile, he left the tent and went straight to the Confederate picket line where he seriously tried to commit suicide. (Blaise, n.d.) In the end, he was considered to be a hero for successfully diverting the Federal attack away from the civil war. For this reason, he was given the option to choose his own assignment in which he had chosen to see the ‘frontier’ – a remote post in remote South Dakota. As he reaches close to the Sioux village, a Sioux woman cuts her own wrists because her husband past away. (Willis, 2000) However, Dunbar was able to stop her from going through her plan of committing suicide. This woman happens to be a white woman that was raised by the Sioux tribe. For this reason, she became Dunbar’s personal interpreter. In the end, both Dunbar and the interpreter fell in love. The tribe is composed of the whites, the Sioux, and the Pawnee where racism has become the main reason for the civil war. (Willis, 2000) The group of individuals coming from three different races strongly hates people who are different from their own race. The story shows a great violence among the white Americans among other whites, the white on Indians, Indians on white, and Indian among the Indians. The Sioux were directed to show humanity in everyday life which causes the viewers to take side on them when they were at war with the Pawnee. As part of showing the intense war between the three groups of people, the use of profanity was enormous throughout the story. Religiously speaking, there should be no war and everyone should respect each other as brothers and sisters regardless of race, gender and status in life. However, the film focuses more on civil war that strongly violates humanity and the right of men to live. It is a religious tradition that once the husband or the wife past away, the widow or the widower has to mourn for the dead husband or wife for a certain period of time. However, this was